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Biology - Chapter 2
Chemical Foundation of Life
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| acid | donates H+ ion, increases concentration of H+ |
| adhesion | water & other molecule |
| anion | neg. ion (gains e-) |
| atom | smallest unit of matter that retains all chemical properties of an element |
| atomic mass | cal mean of mass number for an element's isotopes |
| atomic mass number | p+ and n |
| atomic number | protons |
| balanced chemical equation | chemical reaction with the number of each atom equalized |
| base | donates OH- ion, decreases H+ concentration |
| buffer | resists a change in pH, release/absorbe H+ or OH- |
| calorie | amount of heat required to change temp. of 1g of H2O by 1*C |
| capillary action | caused by cohesion & adhesion |
| cation | pos. ion (lose e-) |
| chemical reaction | rearranging of atoms in molecules |
| chemical reactivity | ability to combine/chem. bond |
| cohesion | intermolecular forces between H2O molecules |
| compound | composed of molecules |
| covalent bond | strong bond formed by diff. elementss (shared) |
| dissociation | release of an ion from a molecule |
| electron | neg. charged subatomic particle |
| electron configuration | arrangement of e- |
| electron orbital | how e- are spatially distributed surrounding the nucleus |
| electron transfer | movement of e- from 1 element to another |
| electronegativity | ability to attract e- |
| element | 118, cannot break into smaller substance, contains unique properties |
| enantiomers | share structure & bonds, but differ in 3D structure |
| equilibrium | steady state of relative reactant and product concetration (reversible chem. reaction) |
| evaporation | from liquid to gas |
| functional group | group of atoms that provides a specific function to a C skeleton |
| heat of vaporization of H2O | amount of energy required for liquid H2O to turn into vapor |
| hydrocarbon | carbon and hydrogen molecule |
| hydrogen bond | weak bond between slightly pos. H and slightly neg. atoms |
| hydrophilic | ions/polar molecules that interact with other polar molecules |
| hydrophobic | nonpolar molecules that don't interact with polar molecules |
| inert gas | (noble gas) filled valance shell that is unreactive |
| ion | element witha charge |
| ionic bond | bond that forms between ions with opposite charge |
| irreversible chemical reaction | reactants unidirectionally form products |
| isotope | multiple forms of an element with diff. mass |
| law of mass action | chem. law stating the rate of a reactionis proportional to the concentration of the reacting substances |
| matter | has mass and occupies space |
| molecule | atoms chem. bonded |
| neutron | uncharged subatomic particle |
| nonpolar covalent bond | atoms share e- |
| nucleus | core of atom |
| octet rule | atoms are stable when they hold 8 e-in their valence shell |
| orbital | surrounds nucleus |
| organic molecule | molecule containing C (except CO2) |
| periodic table | chart of elements |
| pH scale | 0 (acidic) 7 (neutral) 14 (base) |
| polar covalent bond | unequal e- sharing |
| product | result |
| proton | pos. charged subatomic particle |
| radioisotope | emits radiation (subatomic particles) to become stable |
| reactant | takes part in reaction |
| reversible chemical reaction | functions bidirectionally |
| solvent | capable of dissolbing another substance |
| specific heat capacity | amount of heat 1g of a substance must absorb/lose to change its temp. by 1*C |
| surface tension | tension at the surface prevents molecules from separating (cohesion) |
| valence shell | outermost shell |
| van der waals interaction | very weak bond |
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