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A&P test 1
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Anatomy | Study of body structure |
| Physiology | study of body functions |
| Genetics | Study of heredity |
| Ecology | Interactions between organisms and environments |
| Micro Biology | Study of microscopic organisms |
| Made of cells | Cells are building blocks of life |
| Something made of cells | Humans |
| Use energy | Require constant input of power to fuel the chemical reactions necessary to stay alive, grow, repair damage, and move |
| Example of the use of energy | Humans need food |
| Respond to Stimuli | organisms detect and react to change in their environment |
| Example of responding to stimuli | Getting frightened |
| Grow and Develop | Change form overtime |
| An example of growth | Getting a bigger shoe size |
| Maintain homeostasis | Keep an internal stable environment |
| Example of maintaining homeostasis | Getting a fever |
| Reproduce | When organisms pass on their genetic information to the next generation |
| Example of reproduction | A male sperm cell fertilizes a female egg cell to produce a baby |
| Have evolutionary history | Adapted or descended from common ancestors |
| Example of evolutionary history | Being lactose intolerant |
| Who created the cell theory? | Schleiden, Schwann, and Virchow |
| Concepts of Cell theory | All organisms are made of cells. Cells are the basic unit of life. All cells come from preexisting cells. |
| Example of an atom | Hydrogen (H) |
| Example of a cell | Red blood cell |
| Example of tissue | Muscle tissue |
| Example of an organ | Heart |
| Example of an organ system | Muscular system |
| Example of an organism | Human |
| Example of a species | Herd of zebras |
| Population | 8. The members of one species in a particular area |
| Example of a population | A coral reef |
| Example of a community | Pond ecosystem |
| Example of an ecosystem | Tropical Rainforest |
| Metabolism | all chemical reactions in the body |
| Example of metabolism | Digesting food |
| Anabolism | Builds molecules |
| Example of Anabolism | DNA replication |
| Catabolism | Breaks down molecules |
| Example of Catabolism | Cellular respiraction |
| Energy | ATP is the usable energy source of cells. |
| Negative feedback for homeostasis | reverses changes to maintain balance. |
| Example of Negative feedback | Sweating to cool the body's temperature when overheating |
| Positive feedback for homeostasis | amplifies a response |
| Example of Positive Feedback | Childbirth contractions |
| Natural selection | the fundamental process of evolution where organisms better adapted to their environment tend to survive and produce more offspring |
| Example of natural selection | Cheetahs adapting to needing fast speed |
| Adaption | the evolutionary process where a population becomes better suited to its habitat over generations through natural selection |
| Example of adaption | Thick fur on polar bears |
| Domains | categories higher than kingdoms in biological classification |
| Bacteria domain | formerly Eubacteria kingdom |
| Example of Bacteria domain | Common bacteria |
| Archaea domain | formerly Archaebacteria kingdom |
| Example of Archaea domain | ancient microorganisms |
| Eukarya domain | plants, animals, fungi, and protists |
| Kingdom | A high-level taxonomic category in biology. |
| Plantae and Animalia | Carl Linnaeus established in 1735 |
| Example of Plantae | Algae |
| Example of Animalia | Mammalia (Elephant) |
| Protista kingdom | Ernst Haeckel established in 1866 |
| Example of Prosista kingdom | Slime mold |
| Bacteria Kingdom | Herbert Copeland established in 1956 |
| Example of bacteria kingdom | E. coli |
| Fungi Kingdom | Robert Whitaker established in 1969 |
| Example of Fungi Kingdom | Yeast |
| Prokaryotic | Lack Nucleus, very small, single DNA strands, single-celled, lacks cell walls |
| Example of Prokaryotic | Bacteria |
| Eukaryotic | Have Nucleus, has cell walls, 10-100x larger, and be both single and multicellular |
| Example of Eukaryotic | Animals and fungi |
| Scientific method | Systematic process for Science studies the natural world |
| 1. Making Observations and Gathering Data | noticing phenomena or patterns in nature |
| 2. Formulating a Hypothesis | specific and falsifiable, meaning it can be proven wrong |
| 3. Designing Experiments to Test Hypothese | Experiments are designed to test the hypothesis under controlled conditions |
| 4. Collecting and Analyzing Data | involves recording observations and measurements during experiments |
| Drawing Conclusions from Results | Conclusions state whether the data support or do not support the hypothesis |
| Peer Review and Scientific Communication | Scientists submit their findings to journals for peer review by other experts |
| Hypothesis | Testable explanation or prediction based on observations |
| Independent | the factor you change or manipulate in an experiment Sits on the x axis of a graph |
| Dependent | the factor you measure or observe as a response Sits on the y axis of a graph |
| The dependent variable depends on | changed made to the independent variable |
| Constant variable | A factor that is kept the same throughout the experiment |
| Experimental variable | the factor you manipulate to observe its effect |
| Control group | a group where the experimental variable is not changed, serving as a standard |
| Deductive reasoning | predicts what should happen if the hypothesis is true |
| Inductive reasoning | helps combine specific observations into a broader hypothesis |
| Peer Review | Scientists submit their findings to journals for peer review by other experts |
| Scientific Bias | Systematic error or skew in the design, data collection, analysis, or interpretation of a study that leads to inaccurate conclusions |
| Example of scientific bias | gender bias |
| Why is experimental design important | -Good experimental design minimizes errors and increases reliability -Includes randomization, replication, and control of variables -Helps ensure results are due to the experimental variable, not other factors |
| Science | explores the principles of the natural world. |
| Technology | applies scientific knowledge to meet society’s needs. |
| How science and technology are related and how they are connected | Together, they help us understand and solve global challenges |
| Loss of Habitats | leads to species extinction and weakens ecosystems. |
| Loss of Biodiversity | Can lean to problems with maintaining ecological balance. |
| Biology Definition | The study of all living organisms and the environment they live in |
| Atoms Definition | Smallest unit of an element; composed of electrons, protons, and neutrons |
| Molecules Definition | Union of two or more atoms of the same or different elements |
| Cells Definition | The structural and functional union of all living organisms |
| Tissues Definition | A group of cells with a common structure and function |
| Organ Definition | Composed of tissues functioning together for a specific task |
| Organ system Definition | Composed of several organs working together |
| Organisms Definition | an individual; complex individuals contain organ systems |
| Population Definition | Organisms of the same species in a given area |
| Species Definition | All populations of a specific type of organism |
| Community Definition | Interacting populations in a particular area |
| Ecosystem Definition | A community plus the physical environment |
| Biosphere Definition | Regions of the earths crust, waters, and atmosphere; inhibited by living organisms |
| Metabolism Definition | The sum of all the chemical reactions that occur within a cell or organism |
| Photosynthesis Definition | Produces organic molecules that serve as the basic of the food chain for many other organisms |
| Homeostasis Definition | a constant internal environment |
| Reproduce Definition | When organisms pass on their genetic information to the next generation |
| Growth Definition | Recognized by an increase in size and often in the number of cells |
| Development Definition | used to indicate all the changes that occur from the time the egg is fertilized until death |
| DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) Definition | The genetic information of all life |
| Genes Definition | Short sequences of heredity material that specify the instructions for a specific trait |
| Evolution Definition | where a population changes overtime |
| Natural Selection Definition | The mechanism by which evolution occurs |
| Adaption Definition | Successive generation will include more members with new variation |
| Domains Definition | The primary taxonomic group group above the kingdom level; all living organisms may be placed in one of 3 domains |
| Kingdoms Definition | One of the categories used to classify organisms; the category above phylum |
| Supergroup Definition | Classification term used to classify the major groups of eukaryotic bases on DNA similarities |
| Protists Definition | single-celled or multicellular eukaryotes from which other kingdoms of eukaryotes involved. |
| Plants Definition | Multicellular eukaryotes that acquire energy through the process of photosynthesis |
| Fungi Definition | Multicellular eukaryotes that acquire energy by decomposing organic material |
| Animals Definition | Multicellular eukaryotes that undergo development to achieve their final form. In general animals are mobile organisms. characterized by the presence of muscular and nervous tissue. |
| Science Definition | Development of concepts about the natural world, often by using scientific method. |
| Scientific method Definition | Process of attaining knowledge by making observations, testing hypothesis, and coming to conclusions |
| Observation Definition | Step in the scientific method by which information is collected so that a hypothesis may be developed |
| Inductive reasoning Definition | Using specific observations and the process of logic and reasoning to arrive at a hypothesis |
| Hypothesis Definition | Supposition that is formulated after making an observation; it can be tested by obtaining more data often by an experiment |
| Prediction Definition | Step in the scientific process that follows the formation of a hypothesis and assists in the creating of then experimental design |
| Experiment Definition | Artificial situation devised to test a hypothesis |
| Deductive reasoning Definition | Use of general principles to predict specific outcomes. Often uses "If..then" Statements |
| Experimental design Definition | Study in which a controlled set of experiments is used to test the cause-and-effect relationship between variables and/or observations |
| Responding variables Definition | Result or change that occurs when an experimental variable is varied in an experiment; also called dependent variable |
| Control groups Definition | Sample that goes through all the steps of an experiment but lacks the factor or is not exposed to the factor being tested; a standard against which results on an experiment are checked. |
| Model Definition | Simulation of a process that aids conceptual understanding until the process can be studied in more detail; a hypothesis that describes how a specific process might be carried out. |
| Conclusion Definition | Statement made following an experiment as to whether the results the results support the hypothesis |
| Scientific theory Definition | Concept supported by a broad range of observations, experiments, and conclusion |
| Principle Definition | Theory generally accepted by an overwhelming number of scientists |
| Law Definition | Universal principle that describes the basic functions of the natural world |
| Placebo Definition | Treatment that is an inactive substance administered as if it were a therapeutic value |
| Technology Definition | Application of scientific knowledge to the interest of humans |
| Climate change Definition | Changes in the normal cycles of the earth's climate that may be attributed to human activity |
| Global warming Definition | The increased amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is causing a rise in temperature |
| Extinction Definition | The death of a species or larger classification category |
| Emerging diseases Definition | Infectious diseases that are either occurring for the 1st time in human population, are rapidly increasing in incidence, or entering a new geographic region |
Created by:
pesanders