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unit 10

vocabulary

TermDefinition
Earth system the interconnected physical, chemical, and biological components that make up our planet.
geosphere the solid, rocky part of the Earth, including the crust, mantle, and core.
hydrosphere hydrosphere is the total amount of water found on, under, and above the surface of a planet, including liquid water, ice, and water vapor.
cryosphere all the frozen water on Earth The word comes from the Greek word krios, which means icy cold. It is an important part of the Earth's climate system.
atmosphere An atmosphere is a layer of gases surrounding a planet or other celestial body, held in place by gravity
biosphere the global ecological system composed of all living organisms and the physical environments where life exists on Earth
energy budget an accounting system that tracks all the energy flowing into, out of, and within a system
air pressure he force exerted on a surface by the weight of the air molecules in the atmosphere above it, driven by Earth's gravity.
thermosphere the second-highest layer of Earth's atmosphere, located above the mesosphere and below the exosphere
messosphere the third and middle layer of Earth's atmosphere, located directly above the stratosphere and below the thermosphere.
stratosphere The stratosphere is the second-lowest major layer of Earth's atmosphere, located directly above the troposphere and below the mesosphere.
tropsphere The troposphere is the lowest layer of Earth's atmosphere, extending from the ground up to about 5 to 9 miles (8 to 14 kilometers) high.
ozone layer a region of the stratosphere containing a high concentration of ozone (O₃) molecules that shields life on Earth by absorbing most of the sun's harmful ultraviolet (UV) radiation.
greenhouse effect the natural process where gases in Earth's atmosphere trap heat from the sun, keeping the planet warm enough to sustain life.
temperature a measure of the average kinetic energy (energy of motion) of the tiny atoms and molecules that make up a substance.
thermal energy Thermal energy is the total internal energy of a system produced by the random movement, vibration, and collision of its constituent atoms and molecules.
thermal expansion the tendency of matter to change in size, area, and volume in response to a change in temperature.
heat the transfer of energy from a warmer object to a cooler object due to a difference in temperature
radiation is the emission or transmission of energy in the form of waves or particles through space or through a material medium.
convection the transfer of heat through the movement of fluids like liquids or gases.
conduction he process where heat or electricity moves through a material by direct contact between particles.
wind a natural movement of air blowing across the earth's surface.
Coriolis effect an apparent bending or curving of long-distance objects, winds, and ocean currents
global wind large-scale patterns of air movement that circle the Earth, driven by uneven heating from the sun and the rotation of our planet.
jet stream is a fast-flowing, narrow river of air high up in the Earth's atmosphere.
local wind is a fast-flowing, narrow river of air high up in the Earth's atmosphere.
ocean current a continuous, directed movement of seawater that flows across the ocean like a river
surface current a continuous, directed movement of ocean water that flows in the upper few hundred meters of the water, mainly driven by the friction of global winds.
deep current a slow-moving stream of water far below the ocean surface driven by differences in water density
convection current a circular loop of moving fluid (a liquid or gas) caused by differences in temperature and density
upwelling an ocean process where strong winds push warm surface water away from a coast, causing deep, cold, and nutrient-rich water to rise up and replace it.
 

 



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