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Anatomy Terms
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| stability of the internal environment and the mechanisms that maintain the stability | Homeostasis |
| sensory organ that receives the stimulus | Receptor |
| an action that evokes a response | Stimulus |
| an organ that does the response | Effector |
| the effect, caused by the stimulus | Response |
| output of a process is used as an input to control the behavior of the overall process itself, usually leading to inhibition of the process | Feedback Inhibition |
| requiring no extra energy as molecules move down the concentration gradient | Passive Transport |
| requiring extra energy to move molecules against the gradient | Active Transport |
| water concentration is lower that the cell's cytoplasm; net movement of water out of cell -> cell shrivels | Hypertonic solution |
| water concentration is higher than the cell's cytoplasm; net movement of water into a cell -> cell swells | Hypotonic solution |
| identical water concentration to cell's cytoplasm -> cell stays the same | Isotonic solution |
| molecules that bind to other molecules (receptor proteins) for signaling purposes (ex. hormones) | Ligand |
| a sequence of events initiated by a signal that leads to a cellular response. signal -> message transduced -> desired response | Signal Transduction |
| can block the normal ligand to prevent communications (ex. caffeine) | Inhibitor |
| the passing along of the signal until the desired response is reached; can be short or long | Transduction |
| (addition of phosphate groups) by kinases | Phosphorylation |
| (removal of phosphate groups) by phosphatases | Dephosphorylation |
| small molecule that serves as an intermediate between the receptor and the cascade of responses after; key for regulation; either distribute and/or amplify the initial signal received at the receptor (ex: cAMP for the fight or flight response) | Second Messenger |
| The spreading out of molecules across the membrane until equilibrium is reached; a net movement from regions of greater concentration to regions of lesser concentration ex. fart | Simple Diffusion |
| a transport protein acts to help the diffusion of molecules that normally couldn't pass through the cell membrane (large and polar); could act as a channel or as a carrier ex. glucose | Facilitated Diffusion |
| the simple diffusion of water across the cell membrane; high to low concentration | Osmosis |
| When a cell uses energy to pump molecules across the membrane, against the gradient, through a protein channel | Molecular Pumps |
| uses vesicles to move large particles into the cell | Endocytosis |
| uses vesicles to export materials out of the cell | exocytosis |
| organelles, tiny things that holds materials. ex. Ziploc bag | vesicles |
| self; affect the same cell that releases them ex. muscle cells | autocrine signals |
| diffuse to nearby cells ex. neurons to muscle cells | paracrine signals |
| require direct contact between the signaling cell and the receiving cell ex. cardiac muscle tissue | juxtracrine signals |
| signal that travels to distant cells; known as endocrine signaling | hormones |
| the study of bodily structures | Anatomy |
| the study of bodily functions | physiology |
| Where a person is standing up with feet slightly apart and arms at their sides; this standard position is used as a reference point when using directional terms | Anatomical position |
| head, neck, and trunk | axial |
| Appendages (limbs) attached to the axis | appendicular |
| toward the upper part; above | superior (cranial) |
| away from the upper part, toward the lower part; below | inferior (caudal) |
| Toward or at the front of the body; in front of | anterior (ventral) |
| toward or at the back of the body; behind | posterior (dorsal) |
| toward or at the midline of the body; on the inner side of | medial |
| away from the midline of the body; on the outer side of | lateral |
| in between | intermediate |
| closer to the point where a limb attaches to the body trunk | proximal |
| farther from the point where the limb attaches to the body trunk | distal |
| toward or at the body surface | superficial |
| away from the body surface | deep |
| a vertical plane that divides the body into left and right sections | sagittal |
| goes directly through the midline | midsagittal |
| cuts off the midline | parasagittal |
| a vertical plane that divides the body into anterior and posterior sections | frontal (coronal) |
| a horizontal plane that divides the body into superior and inferior sections | transverse (cross section) |
| your skin, which covers your body's surface | cutaneous membrane |
| line all body cavities that open to the outside of the body | mucous membrane |
| lines ventral body cavities that are closed, as well as covering many organs | serous membrane |
| lines the body cavity | parietal membrane |
| covers the internal organs | visceral membrane |
| the membrane that coves the brain and the spinal cord in the dorsal body cavity | meninges |
| groups of cells that are similar in structure and work together for a common function | tissues |
| externally secreting | exocrine glands |
| internally secreting | endocrine glands |
| highly specialized nerve cells that generate and conduct nerve impulses | neuron |
| one or more cells that create and secrete different products like hormones | gland |
| main - support, protection for internal organs, and aid in movement. key - bones, tendons, ligaments, and cartilage | skeletal system |
| main - movement and stabilization. key - skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscles | muscular system |
| main - collect, process and respond to sensory information; control voluntary and involuntary actions. key - brain, spinal cord, and all connected nerves and sensory organs (neurons) | nervous system |
| main - production and secretion of hormones for regulation. key - hypothalamus and glands | endocrine system |
| main - gas exchange and nutrient transport to and from cells throughout the body. key - heart, blood vessels, and blood | cardiovascular system |
| main - gas exchange; taking in oxygen and getting rid of carbon dioxide. key - lungs, nose, mouth, trachea, and diaphragm | respiratory system |
| main - break down of food and absorption of nutrients for the body. key - mouth, stomach, and intestines | digestive system |
| main - maintains water balance, gets rid of waste, regulates blood volume and pressure, and filters blood. key - kidneys and bladder | urinary system |
| main - acts as a barrier to protect the body from the outside world, as well as regulates temperature and controls water loss. key - skin, hair, nails, and associated glands | integumentary system |
| main - defend, deflect and destroy infectious agents that make their way into the body. key - lymph nodes, blood vessels, thymus, bone marrow, and spleen | Immune and Lymphatic system |
| main - allows animals to reproduce by producing egg and sperm, hormones, and nurturing developing offspring. | Reproductive system |
| part of the axial portion of the body, encased in bony structures for protection; houses the fragile nervous systems organs | dorsal body cavity |
| holds the brain encased by the skull | cranial cavity |
| holds the spinal cord within the bony vertebrae | Vertebral (Spinal) cavity |
| part of the axial portion of the bod, less protected but allows more mobility; houses the visceral organs | Ventral Body cavity |
| holds the heart and lungs protected by ribs and chest muscles | thoracic cavity |
| holds the lungs | pleural cavities |
| holds the heart, esophagus, and trachea | pericardial cavity |
| holds the abdomen and pelvis | abdominopelvic cavity |
| holds the stomach, intestines, spleen, liver | abdominal cavity |
| holds the bladder, some reproductive organs, and rectum protected by the pelvis | pelvic cavity |
| contains the mouth, including the teeth and tongue | oral cavity |
| connects the oral cavity all the way to the rectum | digestive cavity |
| within and behind the nose | nasal cavity |
| hold the eyes | orbital cavity |
| contain tiny bones medial to the eardrums | middle ear cavities |
| joint cavities | synovial cavities |
| covers body surface and lines body cavities to form boundaries, protect, absorb, and filter; make up glands; exocrine/endocrine | Epithelial tissue |
| supports, protects, insulates, transports, and binds other tissues together | connective tissue |
| includes fats and fibrous tissues of ligaments, insulates and protects body organs, acts as a fuel reserve to store energy, can be lose or dense | connective tissue proper |
| supports, cushions, and protects organs from external environment; hyaline, elastic, and fibrocartilage; all resist compressions by holding large amounts of water | cartilage |
| supports and protects organs from external environment; resists compression and tension; extremely hard, making it good for support; can be compact and spongey | bone tissue |
| transports substances throughout the body; a fluid made of blood cells surrounded by blood plasma; carries O2 and CO2, nutrients, wastes, and other substances throughout the body | blood |
| made of tightly packed together cells that allow for contractions to cause movement | muscle tissue |
| muscles attached to bones that control voluntary movement | skeletal muscle tissue |
| muscles that involuntarily propel substances or objects along internal passageways | smooth muscle tissue |
| muscles of the heart that involuntarily contract to propel blood into circulation throughout the body | cardiac muscle tissue |
| the main component of nervous system organs that control regulation and communication; mainly composed of neurons | nervous tissue |
| For blood cell regulation when the glucose is too high, what cells are in the Pancreas and produces insulin? | Beta cells |
| For blood cell regulation when the glucose is too low, what cells are in the Pancreas and secretes the hormone glycagen? | Alpha cells |
Created by:
AudreyO