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Stack #4705295

TermDefinition
Variation Differences in traits between individuals of the same species, arising from mutation and sexual reproduction (crossing over, independent assortment).
Mutation A random change in an organism's DNA sequence — the ultimate source of new alleles and genetic variation.
Crossing over Exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes during meiosis, producing new allele combinations.
Independent assortment Random distribution of chromosomes into gametes during meiosis, producing genetic variation.
Selective pressure An environmental factor (biotic or abiotic) that affects an organism's chance of survival and reproduction.
Natural selection The process by which individuals with favourable variations have an increased chance of survival and reproduction, passing those traits on.
Artificial selection The deliberate breeding of organisms with desirable traits by humans.
Adaptation A structural, behavioural or physiological trait that improves an organism's chance of survival.
Gene pool The total collection of genes/alleles present in a population at a given time.
Allele frequency How often a particular allele occurs within a gene pool.
Gene flow The movement of alleles between populations through migration and interbreeding.
Genetic drift Random changes in allele frequencies in a population — especially significant in small populations.
Bottleneck effect A sharp reduction in genetic diversity following a dramatic decrease in population size.
Inbreeding Mating between closely related individuals, which can increase harmful recessive alleles and reduce fitness.
Genetic diversity The variety of alleles/genes within a species or population.
Reproductive isolation When two populations can no longer interbreed to produce fertile offspring.
Geographic isolation Separation of populations by a physical barrier (e.g. mountain, ocean), preventing gene flow.
Allopatric speciation Formation of a new species due to geographic isolation.
Sympatric speciation Formation of a new species without geographic isolation, e.g. due to behavioural or genetic differences.
Species A group of organisms capable of interbreeding to produce fertile offspring.
Adaptive radiation Rapid diversification of a single ancestral species into many new species, each suited to a different niche.
Divergent evolution Two or more related species become increasingly different over time, often in different environments.
Convergent evolution Unrelated species evolve similar features independently due to similar selective pressures.
Coevolution Two or more species reciprocally influence each other's evolution.
Phyletic evolution Gradual change within a species over time, as seen in the fossil record.
Common ancestor A species from which two or more different species have evolved.
Conservation Actions taken to protect and preserve species and their habitats.
Megafauna Very large animal species, many of which became extinct at the end of the last Ice Age.
Molecular clock A technique using the rate of mutation in DNA/protein sequences to estimate when two species diverged from a common ancestor.
Comparative embryology Comparing the embryonic development of different species to find evidence of common ancestry.
Vestigial structures Reduced structures that no longer serve their original function, but were useful in an ancestral species.
Analogous structures Structures with a similar function in different species that do not share a common evolutionary origin.
Homologous structures Structures with similar underlying anatomy in different species due to common ancestry, though functions may differ.
Absolute dating Determining a numerical age for a fossil using methods such as radiometric dating.
Relative dating Estimating the age of a fossil based on its position in rock layers relative to other layers.
Fossil The preserved remains or traces of a once-living organism.
Created by: hrajanbabu
 

 



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