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Week 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| An individual living organism’s activity, public or private, which may be influenced by external or internal stimulation. | Behavior |
| A natural science that seeks to (1) accurately predict behavior and (2) identify functional variables that can be used to positively influence behavior. This science assumes that (1) behavior is determined by knowable environmental and biological variable | Behavior Analysis |
| An observable stimulus change that happens after behavior occurs. | Consequence |
| A relation between operant behavior and its controlling variables. | Contingency |
| All of the things you experience through your senses (tastes, smells, sights, sounds, tactile sensations). | Environmental events |
| A variable that, if changed, will reliably and systematically influence behavior. | Functional variable |
| A single instance of behavior. | Response |
| The assumption that the universe is a lawful and orderly place in which phenomena occur in relation to other events and not in a willy-nilly, accidental fashion. | Determinism |
| These “explanations” put the cause of behavior in the individual’s vaguely defined “mind.” | Stimulus (Stimulus events) |
| Something that you can see, hear, smell, taste, or feel. | Parsimony |
| An approach to scientific explanation that emphasizes simplicity and reliance on well-established knowledge | Independent variable |
| A publicly observable change, controlled by the experimenter, which is anticipated to influence behavior in a specific way. | Behavioral definition |
| A precise specification of the target behavior, allowing observers to reliably identify instances and non-instances. | Dimensions of Behavior |
| The 4 dimensions of behavior include frequency, latency, duration, and magnitude. | falsifiable hypothesis |
| A testable explanation for a phenomenon that can be proven wrong by empirical observation or experiment. | Dependent variable |
| The dependent variable in a behavior-analytic experiment is the objectively measured target behavior. | Direct observation |
| When behavior is directly observed, the behavior is recorded as the behavior occurs, or a lasting product of the behavior is recorded at a later time. | Duration |
| A dimension of behavior – the interval of time between the start and the end of the behavior. | Duration recording |
| A direct-observation method used when measuring the latency or duration of a target behavior. | Event recording |
| Each instance of behavior is recorded at the moment it occurs. | Frequency |
| A dimension of behavior – the response count divided by time (response rate) or opportunity to respond. | Interobserver agreement (IOA) |
| The extent to which two independent observers’ data are the same after having directly observed the same behavior at the same time. | Latency |
| A dimension of behavior – the interval of time between the opportunity to respond and the response itself. | Magnitude |
| Recording the distinct, observable, lasting product(s) of behavior, instead of the behavior itself. | Outcome recording |
| A direct-observation method used to estimate how frequently behavior occurs. Observers record whether the behavior occurs during any portion of each in a series of contiguous intervals. | Partial-interval recording |
| Behavior changes because the individual is aware that they are being watched. | Reactivity |
| A direct-observation method used to estimate how frequently behavior occurs. Observers record whether the behavior occurs throughout each in a series of contiguous intervals. | Whole-interval recording |
| The dependent variable in a behavior-analytic experiment is the objectively measured target behavior. | Dependent variable |
| When behavior is directly observed, the behavior is recorded as the behavior occurs, or a lasting product of the behavior is recorded at a later time. | Direct observation |
| A dimension of behavior – the interval of time between the start and the end of the behavior. | Duration |
| A direct-observation method used when measuring the latency or duration of a target behavior. | Duration recording |
| Each instance of behavior is recorded at the moment it occurs. | Event recording |
| A dimension of behavior – the response count divided by time (response rate) or opportunity to respond. | Frequency |
| The extent to which two independent observers’ data are the same after having directly observed the same behavior at the same time. | Interobserver agreement (IOA) |
| A dimension of behavior – the interval of time between the opportunity to respond and the response itself. | Latency |
| A dimension of behavior – the force or intensity of a behavior. | Magnitude |
| Recording the distinct, observable, lasting product(s) of behavior, instead of the behavior itself. | Outcome recording |
| A direct-observation method used to estimate how frequently behavior occurs. Observers record whether the behavior occurs during any portion of each in a series of contiguous intervals. | Partial-interval recording |
| Behavior changes because the individual is aware that they are being watched. | Reactivity |
| A direct-observation method used to estimate how frequently behavior occurs. Observers record whether the behavior occurs throughout each in a series of contiguous intervals. | Whole-interval recording |
| An experimental design consisting of four phases to test an intervention: establishing a steady baseline without treatment (A), applying the intervention until the behavior changes (B), withdrawing it to see if the behavior returns to baseline (A), and re | A-B-A design |
| A two-phase experimental design consisting of a pretreatment baseline condition (A) followed by a treatment condition (B). | A-B design |
| In this single-subject design, the independent variable(s) is turned ON and OFF rapidly to evaluate if this systematically and repeatedly changes behavior. | Alternating-treatments design (AKA Multielement design) |
| When a between-individuals replication is conducted, the experiment is repeated with additional subjects and the same result is obtained. | Between-individuals replication |
| This single-subject design arranges two phases – a baseline phase (independent variable OFF) and an experimental phase (independent variable ON). This design cannot rule out confounds. | Comparison design |
| Variables that are influencing behavior within an experiment, but are not controlled by the researcher. Variables confounded with the independent variable may be responsible for a behavior change that would otherwise be attributed to the independent varia | Confound |
| In behavior analysis, experiments evaluate falsifiable hypotheses. They do this by manipulating an independent variable to see if this reliably produces a systematic change in behavior. | Experiment |
| These designs evaluate if the behavior of a treatment group (independent variable ON) is statistically significantly different from that of a control group (independent variable OFF). If so, then the difference is attributed to the independent variable. | Group experimental designs |
| When an experiment provides clear evidence that a functional relation exists between the independent variable and behavior change, that experiment has internal validity. | Internal validity |
| A category of direct-observation methods. See partial-interval recording and whole-interval recording. | Interval recording |
| The prevalence of the behavior during the stable portion of a phase/condition. | Level |
| A single-subject design that evaluates the functional relation between an independent variable and behavior by conducting a series of time-staggered A-B comparisons either across behaviors, across situations, or across individuals. | Multiple-baseline design |
| A single-subject experimental design in which the individual’s behavior is evaluated in repeatedly alternating baseline and experimental phases. | Reversal design |
| Sometimes called “single-case” experiments, these designs expose individuals to baseline (independent variable OFF) and experimental (independent variable ON) phases to determine if the independent variable systematically and reliably changes behavior. | Single-subject experimental designs |
| Behavior is stable when, over repeated observations, there is little “bounce” and no systematic trend. | Stable (stable behavior) |
| A systematic change in behavior over time. | Trend |
| One approach to answering the question, did behavior change when the independent variable was changed? In the visual analysis, the researcher looks at a graph of time-series single-subject behavior to evaluate if a convincing change occurred when the inde | Visual analysis |
| In an experiment, the independent variable is manipulated more than once and it produces the same effect on the individual’s behavior each time. | Within-individuals replications |
| When a neutral stimulus reliably precedes the onset of a US that elicits a pleasant emotion (the UR), that stimulus can come to function as a CS evoking a CR | Classical Conditioning (Pavlovian conditioning) |
| A learned response elicited by the presentation of a conditioned stimulus. | Conditioned Response (CR) |
| A stimulus that has acquired its eliciting properties through previous pairing with another stimulus. | Conditioned Stimulus (CS) |
| An unlearned response elicited by an unconditoned sitmulus. | Unconditioned Response (UR) |
| A stimulus that produces the UR without previous pairing with another stimulus. | Unconditioned Stimulus (US) |
| When a specific stimulus occasions a specific reflex response, we say that the stimulus elicits the response. | Elicit |
| When a specific stimulus increases the probability of a specific ontogenetic response. | Evoke |
| When a novel stimulus resembling the CS evokes the response, despite no prior experience with the novel stimulus signaling a delay reduction to the US. | Generalization (Pavlovian) |
| A graph depicting increases in responding as the novel antecedent stimulus more closely resembles the SD. | Generalization gradient |
| A Pavlovian extinction-based therapy in which the client suffering from a phobia is gradually exposed to successively stronger approximations of the conditioned stimulus (CS). Before each new CS is presented, steps are taken to reduce/eliminate a fear evo | Graduated exposure therapy |
| Gradual reduction in responding following repeated presentations of the eliciting stimulus. | Habituation |
| A stimulus that has no behavioral function. For example, it neither elicits nor evokes the response of interest. | Neutral stimulus |
| The procedure of repeatedly presenting the conditioned stimulus (CS) without the unconditioned stimulus (US), the effect of which is a reduction or elimination of the CS’s ability to evoke the conditioned response (CR). | Pavlovian extinction |
| Conditioned responding to a novel stimulus that resembles the conditioned response (CS). | Pavlovian generalization |
| Conditioned responding to a novel stimulus that resembles the conditioned response (CS). | Phylogeny |
| Behavior that is inherited genetically. | Phylogenetic (Phylogenic) behavior |
| An increase in conditioned responding following the passage of time since Pavlovian extinction. | Spontaneous recovery |
| The history of the development of an individual organism during its lifetime. | Ontogeny |
| Learned behavior that results from an organism’s interaction with his/her environment. | Ontogenic (ontogenetic) behavior |
| A consequence occurring after the response, but not because the response caused it to occur. | Noncontingent consequence |
| A generic class of responses influenced by antecedents, with each response in the class producing the same consequence. | Operant behavior (instrumental behavior) |
| The process or procedure by which a reinforcer increases operant behavior above its baseline level. | Reinforcement |
| A consequence that increases operant behavior above its baseline level. | Reinforcer |
| Describes the causal (IF → THEN) relation between an operant behavior and its consequence. | Response–consequence contingency |
| Beneficial consequences that we think will function as reinforcers, but we don’t know yet if they will. | Rewards |
| Occurs when the individual behaves as though a response–consequence contingency exists when, in fact, the relation between response and consequence is noncontingent. | Superstitious behavior |
| an observable stimulus that is present before the behavior occurs. | Antecedent |
| Natural differences, fluctuations, or lack of uniformity in the form, topographies, or dimensions of a behavior each time it performed. | Response variability |
| Negatively reinforced operant behavior that prevents an aversive stimulus from happening. | Avoidance behavior. |
| A psychological (not a behavior-analytic) concept. An extrinsic reinforcer is a reinforcer that is not automatically obtained by engaging in the behavior. Instead, these reinforcers are artificially arranged. | Extrinsic reinforcers. |
| The removal/reduction/prevention of a stimulus that leads to an increase in the likelihood of an operant behavior. | Negative reinforcement. |
| A consequent prevention of a stimulus change, the effect of which is to increase operant behavior above its no-reinforcer baseline level. | Negative reinforcement – avoidance (SRA-). |
| A consequent removal or reduction of a stimulus, the effect of which is to increase operant behavior above its no-reinforcer baseline level. | Negative reinforcement – escape (SRE-). |
| The presentation of a consequence, the effect of which is to increase operant behavior above its no-reinforcer baseline level. | Positive reinforcement. |
| Two-factor theory relies on two learning processes (two factors): Pavlovian and operant conditioning. | Two-factor theory |
| A fictitious or hypothetical variable that often takes the form of another name for the observed phenomenon it claims to explain and contributes nothing to a functional account or understanding of the phenomenon. | Explanatory fiction |
| A consequence that is directly produced by the response – it is not provided by someone else – and that increases the behavior above a no-reinforcer baseline. | Automatic reinforcer |
| A differential reinforcement procedure in which the problem behavior is extinguished while a different (alternative) response is reinforced. | Differential reinforcement of alternative behavior (DRA) |
| A differential reinforcement procedure in which responding at a rate below a specified threshold is extinguished and responding at a rate above that threshold is reinforced. | Differential reinforcement of high-rate behavior (DRH) |
| A differential reinforcement procedure in which the problem behavior is extinguished while a different response – one that cannot be emitted while engaged in the problem behavior – is reinforced. | Differential reinforcement of incompatible behavior (DRI) |
| A differential reinforcement procedure in which responding at a rate above a specified threshold is extinguished and responding at a rate below that threshold is reinforced. | Differential reinforcement of low-rate behavior (DRL) |
| A differential reinforcement procedure in which the problem behavior is extinguished and abstaining from this behavior for a specified interval of time is reinforced. | Differential reinforcement of other behavior (DRO) |
| A differential reinforcement procedure in which repetition is extinguished and novel responding is reinforced. | Differential reinforcement of variability |
| Responding that meets the negative reinforcement contingency no longer removes or reduces the aversive event. As a result, responding falls to baseline (no-reinforcer) levels. | Escape extinction |
| Temporary increase in the rate, magnitude, or duration of the previously reinforced response. | Extinction burst |
| A temporary increase in negative emotions following a transition from positive reinforcement to operant extinction. | Extinction-induced emotional behavior |
| When one operant behavior is extinguished, other behaviors that were previously reinforced are emitted again. | Extinction-induced resurgence |
| An increase in the variety of operant response topographies following extinction. | Extinction-induced variability |
| Responding that meets the reinforcement contingency no longer produces the reinforcer and, as a result, falls to baseline (no-reinforcer) levels. | Operant extinction |
| The physical movement or form of the response. | Response topography (Topograph) |
| Temporary resumption of operant responding following time away from the extinction setting. | Spontaneous recovery of operant behavior |
| The reinforcer provided after the conditioned reinforcer signals the delay reduction to its delivery. | Backup Reinforcer |
| Those consequences that function as reinforcers only after Pavlovian learning occurs – the individual must learn that the conditioned reinforcer signals a delay reduction to a backup reinforcer. | Conditioned reinforcers (Secondary reinforcers) |
| A conditioned reinforcer that signals a delay reduction to more than one backup reinforcer. | Generalized conditioned reinforcer |
| A consequence that functions as a reinforcer because it is important in preserving the life of the individual or the continuation of the species. | Primary reinforcer |
| Differential reinforcement of successive approximations to a terminal behavior. | Shaping |
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