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Comparative Politics
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Six major challenges to political science | Adaptation, small n problem, collecting data, area studies, bias, and endogeneity |
| endogeneity | When a factor or cause one uses to explain something is actually being influenced by that thing |
| Three core assumptions of rational choice theory | Humans always behave rationally, individuals are autonomous, individuals pursue their own self interests |
| Institution | A regular pattern of behavior that provides stability and predictability |
| Structure vs. agnecy | The extent to which institutions determine individual behavior |
| Max Webers definition of a state | “A human community that successfully claims the monopoly of the legitimate use of physical force within a given territory” |
| Regimes | The fundamental rules and norms of politics within a country over time |
| Failed states | A state like entity that cannot successfully coerce the inhabitants of a govern territory |
| Governments | The immediate political leadership of a country |
| Three keys to the development of the European state domination | Economic development, technological advancement, and domestic stability |
| European state model encouraged a move from _______ to _____ | Feudalism to capitalism |
| Impacts of the french revolution on states | Mass armies, nationalism and neo-absolutism |
| Impacts of the american revolution on states | Constitution, bill of rights, and separation of powers |
| What spread the European model? | Fear of and freedom from European countries |
| What are the eight things the modern state is expected to provide? | Security, dispute resolution, participation, rights, healthcare eduction, infrastructure, currency |
| Qualities of a strong state | Size, legitimacy, economic strength, strength of state institutions, and military might |
| Contractarian | Individual vs. individual mediated by the state |
| Predatory | Individuals vs. the State and its demands |
| Two methods for extraction resources | Forcible compliance and quasi-voluntary compliance |
| Quasi-Voluntary Compliance | Individuals do not resist the states will because they believe they are getting something in return |
| Democracy | A political system that holds fair contested elections on a regular basis, with near universal adult suffrage |
| Substantive democracy (strictest definition) | Everyone has equal access and fair outcomes that eradicate poverty and inequality |
| Civil society | A collection of individuals who voluntarily gather to lobby the government (Unions, PACs, and NGOs) |
| Democratic transition | The process of moving from an authoritarian regime to a democratic regime |
| Democratic consolidation | Democratic institutions, practices, and values become deeply ingrained in society |
| Authoritarianism | Citizens have limited to no decision-making authority and few civil rights and liberties |
| Conflict theory | Authoritarian rule was preferable for developing nations because it prioritizes stability over liberty |
| Third wave democracy | A global political trend that began in 1974 and led to the transition of more than 60 countries from authoritarian rule to democratic governance |
| 4 causes of third wave democracy | 1980s debt crisis, growing global middle class, spread of democracy from other countries, and US foreign policy. |
| Barrington Moore Jr. path to fascism | Strong state + strong aristocracy + weak middle class |
| Barrington Moore Jr. path to communist revolution | Strong State + strong aristocracy + weak middle class + large peasantry |
| Barrington Moore Jr. path to liberal democracy | Weaker state + weaker aristocracy + strong middle class |
| Barrington Moore Jr. - "No ______, no ______" | No bourgeoisie, no democracy |
| Class structure theory of democratization | Economic growth prompts democratization ONLY if it produces a middle class |
| Social and economic development theory of democratization | Seymour Martin Lipset – democracy is more common in industrialized countries because industrialization usually leads to middle class |
| Political culture theory of democratization | The cultural beliefs of a country are what lead to democracy. |
| Robert Dahl's two critical democratic values | Civilian control of the military and toleration of unpopular views |
| Operationalization | Taking an abstract construct and figuring out how to measure it with observable indicators |
| Four primary democracy measures | Democracy-dictatorship, polity, freedom house, and V-Dem |
| Four rules of democracy-dictatorship | Chief executive must be elected, legislature must be elected, there must be more than one party competing, and there must be alternations in power |
| Three features of genuine electoral competition | Ex ante uncertainty, ex post irreversibility, and repeatability |
| Ex ante uncertainty | The outcome of the election must not be known before the election takes place |
| Ex post irreversibility | The winner of the election must actually take power |
| Polity measure | Continuous scale of five attributes from –10 to 10 (6+ is democracy) |
| Five attributes of the polity measure | Competitiveness of executive recruitment, openness of executive recruitment, executive constraints, regulation of political participation, and competitiveness of political participation. |
| Freedom house measure | something |
| Five core components of V-Dem | Freedom of expression, freedom of association, clean elections, percentage of population with suffrage, and elected officials |
| How is V-Dem different and controversial | It is created by surveying political scientists who specialize in specific regions instead of by a single team |
| Democratic backsliding | Counties that were democratic becoming less democratic over the last 10-15 years based on subjective data from V-Dem and Freedom House |
| Conceptualization | Creating mental categories that capture the meaning of objects, events, or ideas. |
| How is conceptualization used in measuring democracy? | Creates the core characteristics that are used to frame the concept of democracy. |
| Four categories used to measure democracy measures | Conceptualization, reliability, validity, and replicability |
| Political organizations that are not state | Kingdom, tribe, empire, or city state |
| four theories of democratization | socioeconomic development, class structure, political culture, and oil wealth |
| Seymour Martin Lipset | Argued modernization is positively associated with democratization (social and economic development theory) |
Created by:
IsaacL30