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ATI Module
Infection Control and Isolation (Exam 1)
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| acute illness | Third stage of infection where manifestations of a specific infectious disease process are obvious. This is also the stage where it is severe. |
| airborne infection isolation room (AIIR) | Single client rooms built with special air handling and ventilation to provide a negative pressure (relative to the surrounding area, such as the hall or neighboring rooms). Also referred to as a negative pressure room. |
| airborne precautions | Used when a client has an infectious agent that can be transmitted through the air should don an N95 mask or a high-level respirator when entering the room of a client. |
| airborne transmission | Occurs when small particulates move into the airspace of another person. |
| chain of infection | How bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites, and prions move from place to place. These are contact, droplet, and airborne. |
| closed-glove technique | Used to don sterile gloves using surgical asepsis after the individual has performed a surgical hand scrub and donned a sterile gown; hands are kept inside the sterile gown until gloves are donned. |
| contact precautions | Precautions used when a client has an infectious agent that can be transmitted by direct or indirect contact with body secretions; requires a minimum of gown and gloves prior to client interactions. |
| direct contact transmission | Occurs when micro-organisms are directly moved from an infected person to another person, rather than through a contaminated object or person. |
| disinfection | Cleans instruments so that almost all micro-organisms are eradicated, but not all. There are two levels of disinfection: high-level and low-level. |
| droplet precautions | Don a mask when entering the room or coming into close contact with a client. |
| droplet transmission | Occurs when droplets from the respiratory tract of a client travel through the air and into the mucosa of a host (nurse, other client, healthcare worker). |
| enhanced barrier precautions | Nursing home staff must wear gown and gloves to prevent transfer of organisms to themselves or their clothing when engaging in certain client care activities. |
| health care-associated infections (HAIs) | Infections that are acquired in a health care facility (ex. hospital, nursing home, ambulatory care facility). |
| incubation | First stage of infection in which the client may not feel ill or have visible manifestations, however there may be lab values that are changes or changes in diagnostic tests such as x-rays or CT scans. |
| indirect contact transmission | Occurs when micro-organisms are directly moved from the infected person to another person with having a contaminated object or person between these two. |
| infection control bundles | Guidelines for practice that are bundled together to help prevent HAIs such as CAUTIs, CLABSIs, VAPs, and SSIs. |
| infectious agent | Something that contains bacteria, fungi, virus, parasite, prion. |
| inflammatory response | Natural defense of the body when injured, when foreign substances are present or when infectious agents attack. |
| local infections | Are confined to one area of the body. |
| medical asepsis | Clean technique practices that the reduce the presence of disease-causing micro-organisms on surfaces. |
| modes of transmission | How bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites, and prions move from place to place. These are contact, droplet, and airborne. |
| multidrug-resistant organisms (MDROs) | Bacteria that are resistant to one or more classes of existing antimicrobials. |
| nonspecific immunity | Comprised of neutrophils and macrophages and their work as phagocytes. |
| period of convalescence | Fifth and last stage of infection when client returns to a normal or a new normal state of health. |
| period of decline | Fourth stage of infection when manifestations begin to wane as the number of infectious disease decreases. |
| personal protective equipment (PPE) | Specially designed equipment that is meant to protect the health care worker from contamination, blood, or body fluids. |
| phagocytes | Eat and destroy micro-organisms, thereby helping to protect the body from harm. |
| portal of entry | Anybody orifice—for example, ears, nose, mouth, or skin—that provides a place for an infectious agent to replicate or for a toxin to act. |
| portal of exit | Means by which the infectious agent can leave the reservoir. |
| prodromal | Stage of infection when client begins having initial manifestations as the infectious agent replicates. |
| protective isolation | Used during approximately the first 100 days after the transplant, specific engineering and hospital designs that decrease the risk of environmental fungi to the client who had HSCT. |
| reservoir | The habitat of the infectious agent; a location where it can live, grow, and reproduce itself or replicate. |
| specific immunity | The work of antibodies (also called immunoglobulins) and lymphocytes. |
| standard precautions | Infection prevention practices and these apply to all clients, whether or not they are known to have an infectious agent. |
| sterile fields | Created to assure that the smallest number of microorganisms possible are present; used for procedures where surgical asepsis is indicated. |
| susceptible host | Required for the infectious agent to take hold and become a reservoir for infection. Some people never exhibit manifestations at all but can become colonized (temporarily or permanently) with the infectious agent. |
| systemic infections | Start as local infections and then transmit into the bloodstream to infect the entire body system. |
| vector-borne transmission | Transmission of infectious agents through animals, such as an insect or rodent. |
| vehicle transmission | Transmission of infectious agents to various individuals through a common source, such as contaminated food or water. |
| virulent | Term to describe how efficient an infectious agent is at making people ill. |
| What is the sequence of factor s for an infection to occur? | presence of an infectious agent, an available reservoir, a portal of exit from the reservoir, a mode of transmission from the reservoir to a host, and a portal of entry to enter a susceptible host. |
| Findings in the order in which they occur during the inflammatory response | Bacteria invade wound 2. Histamine, Kinins, and Prostaglandins 3. Plasma enters the site (blood flow is increased to the site causing heat. Plasma from the blood causes swelling and pain at the site) 4. Phagocytosis 5. Pus develops |
| Convalescence | The convalescent stage is the last stage in which the client returns to a previous or a new, stabilized state of heatlh |
| C-Reactive Protein | Nonspecific marker that can increase when inflammation is present |
| Pertussis is transmitted through | Droplet Large droplets in the air form coughing or sneezing. |
| Performing a throat Culture | Swab the clients' tonsils, the tonsillar pillars, or the back of the pharyngeal wall. |
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