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Integumentary System
Anatomy
| Term | Definition | Examples |
|---|---|---|
| Organs | Made of two or more tissue types. layers: mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa and serosa. | Stomach has multiple tissue types |
| Mucous Membrane (Mucosa) | Have epithelial lining and lamina propria (areolar CT) | |
| Serous Membrane (Serosa) | Have areolar Ct and simple squamous epithelium (mesothelium), with a visceral and parietal layer, also secretes serous fluid | |
| Visceral layer of serous membrane | lines organ | |
| Parietal layer of serous membrane | lines the body cavity | |
| Synovial Membrane | lines joints, connective tissues that underly a lining made of cells-synoviocytes | |
| Synoviocytes | Secrete synovial fluid | |
| Meningeal Membrane | Line the cranial and vertebral cavity. Associated with cerebrospinal fluid. | |
| Cutaneous Membrane | Skin, consisting of the epidermis and dermis | |
| Epidermis | Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium | |
| Dermis | areolar CT and dense irregular CT | |
| Integument Layer | Epidermis and dermis | |
| Subcutaneous Layer | underlies the integument layer | |
| Functions of Integument | Protection, prevention of water loss, temperature regulation, metabolic regulation, immune defense, sensory reception and secretion | |
| Protection | selective permeability | |
| Sensible perspiration | visible sweating | |
| Insensible perspiration | release of water vapor from sweat glands when not visible sweating | |
| Dilation of dermal vessels | releases heat | |
| Constriction of dermal vessels | conserves heat | |
| Vitamin D3/Cholecalciferol | produced by cells in the skin, converted to calcitriol by kidneys | |
| Epidermal Dendritic Cells | help initiate immune response | |
| Come Lets Get Sun Burned (Superficial to deep, epidermis) | Stratum: corneum, lucidum (only in thick skin), granulosum, spinosum, basale | |
| Epidermis | The epithelial layer of skin, with keratinized stratified squamous epithelium, avascular, composed of several layers/strata | |
| Thick Skin (Glabrous skin) | Has 5 layers, found in palms, of hands and soles of feet, do not have hair follicles or sebaceous glands | |
| Thin Skin (Hairy Skin) | Has 4 layers, does not have stratum lucidum and covers most of body | |
| Stratum Corneum | 20-30 layers of dead, scaly, interlocking keratinized cells (keratinocytes) called corneocytes. Cells are anucleate and tightly packed. from bottom takes 2 wks to go here. Cells shed from surface as squames, hair follicles/sweat gland ducts can pass here | |
| Squames | corneocytes/keratinocytes that shed in flattened scales | |
| Stratum Lucidum | 2-3 cell layers thick, a thin translucent region, only in thick skin in palms of hands and soles of feet, these cells dont have organelles and are filled with eleidin | |
| Eleidin | A transparent, intermediate product of keratin maturation | |
| Stratum Granulosum | 3-5 layers of keratinocytes undergoing keratinization, cytoplasm fills with keratin filaments and organelles degrade. 2 types of keratin: Keratohyalin granules and lamellar granules | |
| Keratohyalin Granules | Involved in keratinization process | |
| Lamellar Granules | release contents (mainly lipids) into extracellular space, forming a cement that helps support water barrier | |
| Stratum Spinosum | several layers of polygonal cells, recieves daughter cells from S. basale, keratinocytes attach to each other via desmosomes, there are some Langerhan's/Epidermal dendritic cells | |
| Stratum Basale/Straum Germinativum | single layer of cells, cuboidal/columnar in appearance, attached to the basement membrane. Includes keratinocytes, melanocytes and tactile/merkel cells. Most mitotically active and visible layer, where keratinocyte stem cells divide | |
| Keratinocytes | Contains keratin filaments and keratohyalin granules | |
| Melanocytes | Pigment | |
| Tactile/Merkel Cells | Sensation | |
| Melanin | A pigment produced by melanocytes, Eumelanin is bown/black and pheomelanin is yellow/red, relative amounts of melanin types give complexion, everyone has same amount of melanocytes, however their activity varies | |
| Hemoglobin | Oxygen binding blood pigment inside erythrocytes, red in color | |
| Carotene | yellow orange pigment from foods such as carrots, building up in the stratum corneum and subcutaneous fat | |
| Albinism | Little/no melanin production, white hair, pale skin and pink irises | |
| Vitiligo | partial or complete loss of melanocytes from patches of skin, results from an immune system malfunction | |
| Bronzing | hyper pigmented skin at joints appears bronze, related to hormones or medication | |
| Melasma | Sun exposure related brown patches on face | |
| Cyanosis | Skin appears bluish as a result of oxygen deficiency in blood, peripheral cyanosis in | |
| Erytheme | Abnormally red skin because of blood vessel dilation, commonly in rosacea | |
| Hematoma | Collection of blood outside of a blood vessels, a bruise/contusion observable through the skin | |
| Jaundice | Skin and sclera(eye whites)appear yellowish because of excess bilirubin (pigment) in the blood | |
| Pallor | Skin appears ashen/pale. Usually on tongue and eyelids, could be because of emotional shock, stress or anemia | |
| Nevus | A mole, because of localized overgrowth of melanocytes | |
| Freckles | yellow/brown spots of high melanocyte activity | |
| Hemangioma | proliferation of blood vessels that form a benign tumor | |
| Capillary Hemangiomas | Strawberry birthmarks, are raised and red/purple and may appear/disappear in childhood | |
| Cavernous hemangiomas | port wine stains are flat and involve larger dermal vessels, may last a lifetime | |
| Friction Ridges | folds of epidermis and dermis on fingers, palms, soles and toes which increase friction for grasping | |
| Dermis | Has a papillary and reticular layer | |
| Papillary Layer of Dermis | superficial, adjacent to dermis, have dermal papillae that project towards epidermis, interlocking with peridermal ridges to increase surface area between epidermis and dermis, as well as supplying nutrients to epidermis and contain meissners corpuscles | |
| Meissner's Corpuscles | sensory receptors in dermal papillae of papillary lay of dermis | |
| Reticular Layer | deeper and thicker, composed of dense and irregular CT, with large collagen bundles randomly oriented, includes blood vessels, glands, hair follicles, nerves and pacinian corpuscles | |
| Vasoconstriction | narrowing of blood vessel diameter, reduced blood flow to the skin and conserves heat | |
| Vasodilation | widening of the blood vessel diameter, increase blood floww to the skin, releasing heat | |
| Lines of Cleavage (tension lines) | identify the orientation of fiber bundles (collagen and elastic fibers at specific body locations made to resist routine stresses. Incisions across these lines heal slower than those along them | |
| Striae (stretch marks) | collagen tears from overstretched skin from rapid growth and shrinkage | |
| Innervation | Sensory/motor nerve fibers extensively dispersed in dermis to monitor sensory receptors, control blood flow & glandular secreation | |
| Sensory Receptors in the skin | free/bare nerve endings and encapsulated receptors | |
| Meissner's Corpuscle | in papillary region feel stroking having a low freq., small reception size and a rapid adaptation speed | |
| Merkel Cell | in the basal epidermis, feel light touch, low freq., small reception field size and slow adaptation speed | |
| Pacinian/Lanellated Corpuscle | deep in reticular region of dermis, feel pressure with high freq., a large reception size and rapid adaptation speed | |
| Ruffini's Corpuscle | deep in the reticular region of the dermis, feel skin stretch, with a high freq., large reception field and slow adaptation speed | |
| Hair Nerves | a sensory hair root plexus, with motor neurons to glands and erector pili muscle | |
| Hair Type: Lanugo | on fetus | |
| Hair Type: Vellus | fine and non-pigmented, found on most of body | |
| Hair Type: Terminal Hair | coarse and pigmented | |
| Hair Zones: Bulb | deep swelling of epithelial cells containing the hair matrix where hair originates deep in dermis (usually into subcutaneous layer) | |
| Hair Zones: Root | portion deep to skin surface | |
| Hair Zones: Shaft | portion that extends beyond skin surface | |
| Hair Layer: Medulla | Core of loose cells, air spaces | |
| Hair Layer: Cortex | Several outer layers of hardened, flattened cells | |
| Hair Layer: Cuticle | outer coating | |
| Hair Tissue sheaths | a hair follicle surrounds each hair, the wall has a connective tissue root sheath and epithelial tissue root sheath. | |
| Arrector Pili Muscles | muscles that attach to hair shaft, respond to emotions and environment by contracting, making hair stand up and creating goose bumps | |
| Anagen | Hair active growth phase, the longest hair growth cycle phase, where new cells are added to the base of hair root at hair bulb | |
| Catagen | A regression/transition stage, the shortest stage where cell division stops and hair follicle atrophies | |
| Telogen | a resting stage, forms a 'club' hair | |
| Exogen | active hair shedding | |
| Alopecia | hair thinning, Androgenic alopecia is male pattern baldness caused by genetic and hormonal factor | |
| Hirsutism | Excess hair, can be caused by excess androgens | |
| Nails | a saclelike modification of the stratum corneum. Contains a nail plate with a free edge, nail body and nail root, the nail body covering the epidermis-nail bed | |
| Nail Matrix | thickened growing part of the nail bed | |
| Lunula | white semilunar proximal area of the nail body caused by thickened underlying stratum basale obscuring capillaries in dermis | |
| Nail Folds | overlap lateral and proximal edges of nail | |
| Eponychium | Cuticle, a narrow piece of epidermis extending from nail margin onto nail body | |
| Hyponychium | region of thickened stratus corneum over which the free edge projects | |
| Exocrine Gland: Merocrine (Eccrine) Sweat Glands | Simple, coiled, tubular glands that release secretions via exocytosis into a duct w/ a pore on surface of skin. Secretion is 99% water (sweat) controlled by nervous system, for thermoregulation, secretion, and protection from microbes. Palm sole forehead | |
| Exocrine Gland: Apocrine Sweat Glands | simple, coiled, tubular glands secrete into hair follicles at armpits, nipple, groin and anus. Secretion is thick/cloudy and has proteins/lipids, bacterial growth causes odor, gland becomes active at puberty and is larger than eccrine | |
| Myoepithelial Cells | between secretory cells and basement membrane, respond to sympathetic stimulation, contact to squeeze gland and release secretions | |
| Sebaceous Glands | holocrine gland that secretes oily sebum into hair folicles/skin surface for lubrication purposes, relatively inactive, sex hormones cause secretions to increase significantly | |
| Ceruminous Glands | apocrine glands located in external acoustic meatus, secretion mixes with sebum and kertinocytes to produce cerumen which traps particles & small insects, as well as provide eardrum lubrication and have antimicrobial lysosome | |
| Mammary Glands | modified apocrine glands, active in pregnancy because of hormone signals resulting in the production of breast milk | |
| Regeneration | replacement of damaged cells with same type of cell | |
| Fibrosis | Filling the gap with scar tissue to bind parts together | |
| Process of Regeneration/Fibrosis | Blood brings clotting agents, leukocytes, and antibodies. Blood clots and is a barrier. Fibroblasts make new collagen. Epithelial cells at wound edge divide. Non-reparable: hair follicle, exocrine glands, nerve, arrector pilli | |
| Squamous Cell Carcinoma | Starts in stratum spinosum, may metastasize | |
| Basal Cell Carcinoma | Starts in stratum basale, most common and least dangerous | |
| Malignant Melanoma | starts from melanocytes (usually a mole), most deadly | |
| Malignant Melanomas ABCDE | Asymmetry, border, color, diameter, evolution. Risk factors include: skin type, sun exposure, family history, and age |
Created by:
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