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Anatomy Unit 1
Homeostasis, TYPES OF TISSUES, body systems, directional terms, planes, caviites
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| 5 Survival Needs | Atmospheric pressure, body temp, oxygen, water, and nutrients |
| Receptor | What gets the information; the receiver ex.skin |
| Control center | Makes the directions; decision maker ex. brain (thalamus and stem) |
| Effector | The thing that does something about the info. ex. muscles shiver |
| Negative feedback | Body going towards homeostasis ex. too hot = sweat to cool |
| Positive feedback | Going away from homeostasis. Will only end if something externally stops or you die ex. child birth, stab wound |
| Anatomy and Physiology | Anatomy is all about structure and Physiology is |
| Levels of Organization | Atom --> molecule --> macromolecule --> organelle --> cell --> tissue --> organ --> organ system -->organism |
| Integumentary | To serve as protection/barrier and temp. control Skin and Hair |
| Respiratory | Allows for gas exchange --> removal of CO2 waste and to deliver Oxygen from air into blood. Lungs and Trachea |
| Reproductive | To continue the species Ovaries and Testes |
| Cardiovascular | Pumps/circulates blood to deliver O2 and nutrients. Heart and Arteries |
| Lymphatic | A drainage system, waste removal, and fights infections Spleen and Thymus |
| Immune | Fights infections Bone Marrow and Thymus |
| Digestive | Breaks down nutrients for absorption Stomach and Intestines |
| Skeletal | For structure, protection, and movement Joints and Bones |
| Muscular | For movement and posture Biceps and Hamstrings |
| Nervous | Control system and communication network Brain and Spinal Chord |
| Endocrine | Controls hormones to regulate growth, reproduction, and metabolism . Thyroid and Pituitary Gland |
| Urinary | Filters blood and expels waste from the body like proteins, water, toxins, etc. Bladder and Kidneys |
| Superior | Closer to head |
| Inferior | Closer to feet |
| Dorsal (Posterior) | Towards the back |
| Ventral (Anterior) | Towards the front |
| Lateral | Towards the sides |
| Medial | Towards the midline |
| Superficial | Closer to surface |
| Deep | Further from surface |
| Proximal | Closer to the trunk |
| Distal | Further from the trunk |
| Median/Midsaggital plane | Runs from front to back in the center and splits body into left and right portions. |
| Transverse plane | Horizontal plane parallel to ground that splits the body into upper and lower halves. GOJO |
| Frontal plane | Plane that splits body into front and back. |
| Dorsal cavity | Contains cranial (brain) and vertebral (spinal cord) cavities |
| V.C. Thoracic cavity | Heart and Lungs |
| V.C. Abdominal cavity | Digestive Viscera |
| V.C. Pelvic cavity | Urinary bladder, Reproductive organs, rectum |
| Epithelial | - Contacts open spaces - outside/outermost - Covers organs and lines them! - Cells divide regularly - NO blood vessels connected directly to them |
| Simple | ONE layer |
| Stratified | MULTIPLE layers |
| Simple Squamous | - Squished shape - Pretty thin - For diffusion!! - Found in alveoli (sacs in lungs) and capillaries |
| Simple Cuboidal | - Square shape - Thicker and provides protective barrier, secretion, and absorption - Found in tiny tubes (lining) in kidneys, pancreas, ovaries |
| Simple Columnar | - Column shape - Has goblet cells (cup of mucus) to help things slide - Has microvilli (finger-like projections that increase surface area) - Allows for nutrient absorption - Found in lining of digestive tract/intestines |
| Stratified Squamous | - Mult. layers of squished cells - Great for protection - Found in epidermis |
| Stratified Cuboidal | - Mult. layers of cubed cells - Found in big tubes. Ex. sweat glands and male urethra |
| Stratified Columnar | - Mult. layers of column shaped - Found in Vas Deferens (Tube from testicle to prostate) |
| Transitional Epithelium | - Found in bladder - Goes from CUBED TO SQUISHED - Stretches in response to tension |
| Psuedostratified Columnar Epithelium | - "Fake" strat. Looks like mult. layers but it's not - Has goblet and cilia - Found in upper respiratory tract - Protects by catching germs and sweeping them out via cillia |
| Glandular Epithelium : EXOCRINE | - Glands that secrete through ducts into a cavity OR body surface - Has diff. structures and types |
| Merocrine gland (exocrine) | - Secretes FLUIDS - Ex. sweat glands, tear glands |
| Aporcrine gland (exocrine) | - Secretes PARTS OF CELLS - Ex. Mammary gland |
| Holocrine gland (exocrine) | - Secretes WHOLE CELLS - Ex. Sebaceous (oil) gland |
| Glandular Epithelium : ENDOCRINE | - Secretes into blood/stays inside - hormones - NO ducts |
| Connective Tissue | - Connects tissue from basal layer to another thing - Has a matrix with THREE parts |
| 1.) Ground Substance | - Liquid (blood) - Solid (bones) - Semi-solid (cartilage and tendons) |
| 2.) Fibers | - Collagen (Strength fiber) - Elastic (stretchy) - Reticular (in between strong and stretchy) |
| 3.) Cells | - Fibroblast (cells that make fibers) - Macrophage (eat things to protect) - Mast cell (makes histamine) |
| Areolar | - LOOSE CONNECTIVE - Binds skin to muscles and muscle fibers together - Spacey and loose - Wraps/cushions organs - Soft and flexible |
| Adipose | - LOOSE CONNECTIVE - Fat - Cells with vacuoles that store fat - Protects and cushions - Energy storage - Insulation (temp. regulation) |
| Reticular | - LOOSE CONNECTIVE - Makes up structure of your organs - looks like wagyu |
| Dense connective tissue | - Lots of collagen fibers = strong - Not good blood supply - Not much space b/t fibers - Tendons and ligaments - Regular and Irregular |
| Elastic connective | - Stretchy - In b/t vertebrae. walls of vessels, and airways - Looks squiggly - Obv. lots of elastic fiber |
| Hyaline cartilage | - Most abundant type of cartilage - More collagen fibers - Makes up skeleton of fetus - On the end of all our bones (to make them smooth so they slide tgt) - All cartilage will have bubbles (chondrocytes), Hyaline bubbles will be clear |
| Elastic cartilage | - Stretchy - In ears - More elastic fibers - Bubbles will be dark |
| Fibrocartilage | - Thick and dense lots of collagen fibers - In places you need shock absorption ex. spine and knees - Not many bubbles = fibrocartilage |
| Blood | - Ground substance is liquid - Connects everything |
| Bone | - Ground substance is solid - Has osteocytes - For movement and structure - Dark colored |
| Nervous | - Base cell = neurons (communication - Found in brain, nerves, and spine |
| Skeletal Muscle | - Attached to bones - Long and clean fibers - Multiple nuclei and has stripes - VOLUNTARY |
| Smooth Muscle | - No stripes and no long and clean fibers - In tubes (digestive, vessels, etc.) - INVOLUNTARY |
| Cardiac Muscle | - In your heart - Fibers are branched - Connected by Intercalated discs so they all beat tgt. If not = febrillation - INVOLUNTARY |
| Membranes | Sheets of connective tissue |
| Cutaneous membrane | Skin, covers the body |
| Mucus membrane | - Goblet cells - Lines things that reach open air/are openings. Ex. eyes ears, nose etc. - Catches and gets rid of germs |
| Serous membrane (2 types) | 1.) Parietal = lines cavities 2.) Visceral = covers organs |
| Ectoderm (outside) | All 3 make skin - Makes nervous system/tissue |
| Mesoderm (middle) | Makes muscles and connective |
| Endoderm (inside) | Makes inside tissues ex. serous membrane |
Created by:
dotorii