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Neurons,gilia,anatom
Neurons,gilia,anatomy
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Neuron doctrine | The brain is composed of individual cells; and the signal is transmitted between cells across gaps called synapses |
| Neurons | |
| Neuroglia | |
| CNS | Brain and spinal cord Material inside the skull and spinal column |
| PNS | Material outside the skull/spinal column Cranial & spinal nerves divided into somatic and autonomic nervous systems |
| Somatic nervous system | "the body"; voluntary movements |
| Autonomic nervous system | "internal organs"; non-voluntary control; subconscious |
| mylein sheath | insulates the axon to facilitate electrical charges |
| blood brain barrier | |
| Spinal nerves | |
| Cranial nerves | |
| parasympathetic responses | |
| sympathetic nervous system | subconscious preparation of the body |
| Neuroimaging | |
| synapses | gaps between neurons |
| Nissl stain | shows clumps of cells |
| Golgi stain | shows neurons |
| immunohistochemistry | uses antibody labeling with fluorescence |
| Electron microscopy | very high resolution, can view individual synapses |
| protein channels | transmit particles (charged ions) between cell membranes to create action potential |
| Soma | cell body |
| Input | receiving chemical signals from dendrites |
| Integration | |
| Conduction | sending action potential down the axon |
| output | sending neurotransmitters |
| Dendrites | "tree-like" area of neurons that receive chemical signals from other neurons; convert chemical signals into electrical signals |
| Dendrites convert | chemical signals into electrical ones |
| spines | small projections on dendrites that inc surface area for synapses |
| action potential | positive or negative potential change generated at the axon hillock |
| Soma/cell body | integrates and combines signals from the dendrites contain genetic material Create protiens that support the cell |
| Axon | extends from the soma conducts electrical signal from soma to towards the axon terminals also hollow to transport protiens |
| axon is coated in | the myelin sheath to facillitate the movement of the electrical signal |
| axon terminals (synaptic boutons/ "buttons") | converts electrical signal/action potential back into a chemical signal that releases neurotransmitters makes contact onto other cell's dendrites |
| types of neurons (anatomical) | unipolar - single extension in 2 directions; receptive pole and output zone bipolar- one axon with soma in the middle; one set of dendrites; usually in the sensory nervous system Multipolar- most common type in the brain; one axon, many dendrites |
| types of neurons (functional) | interneurons; intergrate/process signals sensory neuron; intakes input motor neuron; multipolar; interacts with and controls muscle fibers; recieves info from the brain |
| Glial cells | participate in informational processing provide support for neuron's healthy signal processing can make synapses and transmit neurotransmitters |
| oligodendrocites (CNS) | help make myelin sheath |
| astrocytes (CNS) | detect neural activity and regulate the brain's blood vessels in direct contact with vessels and neurons |
| microglial (CNS) | break down debris and pathogens remove dead cells |
| ependymal cells (CNS) | line the blood vessels to separate them from tissue helps produce cerebrospinal fluid |
| Satellite cells (PNS) | |
| Myelin | layer of lipids which wrap around axons and is produced by the olgliodendrocytes and the schwann cels |
| gaps in the myelin where the axon is exposed; has many ion channels that help regenerate action potentials | nodes of ranvier |
| Term for bundles of axons in the CNS | white matter |
| Term for bundles of axons in the PNS | nerves |
| Term for cluster of cell bodies in the CNS | grey matter |
| Term for cluster of cell bodies in the PNS | ganglion |
| Frontal lobe | Attention planning motor executive and cognitive functioning |
| Temporal lobe | auditory cortex, speech & language, memory |
| Occipital lobe | vision |
| Parietal lobe | contains sensory cortex |
| Central sulcus | Divides frontal and temporal lobes |
| Sylvian fissure | Divides parietal lobe from the frontal and temporal lobes |
| Dorsal | top |
| ventral | bottom |
| superior | "towards the top" |
| Anterior | towards the front |
| medial | closer to the middle |
| lateral | towards the edges |
| coronal | |
| saggital | dividing the two hemispheres |
| posterior | |
| proximal | near the center |
| distal | towards the tips/ends |
| afferent | carries signals/impulses into a region of interest |
| efferent | carries signals/impulses away from a region of interest |
| White matter | made of axon bundles and covered by myelin sheaths looks more white in scans |
| grey matter | clusters of cell bodies look grey in scans |
| Corpus callosum | thick white matter "bridge" between the two hemispheres that allows them to communicate |
| Fornix | white matter structure that links important structures such as emotion processing and regulation |
| Cerebral cortex | outer covering of the cerebral hemispheres has gyri and sulci to maximize surface area |
| ridges of cerebral cortex | gyri/gyrus |
| crevices of cerebral cortex | sulci/sulcus |
| longitudinal fissure | separates left and right hemispheres |
| central sulcus | separates the frontal and parietal lobes, distinguishes the motor cortex from the somatosensory cortex |
| Diencephalon | contains the thalamus, hypothalamus, and the pineal gland known as the "first brain"; powers our reflexes and basic survival mechanisms regulates sensory information, hormones necessary for sensation, and produces melatonin |
| brain stem | contains the midbrain, medulla, pons which produces substances like dopamine, regulates subconscious activities like breathing and heartbeat involves reticular formation; regulates, temperature, arousal, motion, and sleep/wakefullness |
| basal-ganglia nuclei | initiates motor control |
| cerebellum | motor coordination and associative learning |
| limbic system | emotional regulation, learning, sensory information processing, memory |
| amygdala | emotional processing |
| hippocampus | memory, spatial recognition |
| somatic nervous system | provides sensory and motor innervation to most of the body voluntary movements, sensations, reflexive movement |
| Cranial nerves | 12 in total, numbered from the front of the face to the back of the head |
| Spinal nerves | 31 pairs, has different sections according to location |
| Autonomic nervous system | |
| sympathetic | prepares for action (fight or flight) |
| parasympathetic | rest and digest |
| meninges | CNS protection mechanism, layer of meningeal cells that protects the brain |
| Ventricles make | CSF cerebrospinal fluid |
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