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Ecology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Ecology | Interactions between organisms and their biological (biotic) and physical (abiotic) environments. |
| Homeostasis | Keep conditions within a safe or normal range. |
| Stochasticity | Randomness |
| Microcosms | Simplified systems used to study ecology |
| Proximate Factors | What caused it and how? |
| Ultimate Factors | Why is it evolutionary beneficial? |
| Species | Group of potentially interbreeding individuals that's reproductively isolated from other groups. |
| Population | Group of interbreeding individuals of the same species that inhabit the same geographic area. |
| Uniformitarianism (by Lyell) | Earth was shaped by slow-moving forces still in operation |
| Gene Pool | Entire set of alleles in a population |
| Evolution | Change in allele frequencies over time |
| Mutation | A change in the nucleotide sequence of DNA. The ultimate source of genetic variation. Most are harmful. |
| Adaptive Evolution | Results in the contributions of other individuals. |
| Directional Selection | One extreme trait is favored, so the population shifts in one direction. |
| Stabilizing Selection | Extreme phenotypes are easily targeted by the predators (either too dark or too light). |
| Disruptive Selection | Favors extreme phenotypes (better survivors) and selects against intermediate phenotypes, leading to two or more distinct phenotypes in a population. |
| Genetic Drift | A change in the gene pool/allele frequencies due to chance. Especially in small populations |
| Bottleneck Effect | A natural disaster unselectively kills most individuals in a population. The surviving population has less genetic variation.In |
| Inbreeding Depression | Mating between closely related individuals that increases homozygosity, decreases heterozygosity, and raises the risk of recessive genetic diseases and extinction, especially in small populations. |
| Founder Effect | Genetic drift is likely when individuals colonize an isolated habitat. |
| Gene Flow | Migration between populations can change allele frequencies. |
| Large populations are more susceptible to... | genetic stability against random change |
| Smaller populations are more susceptible to... | genetic drift . |
| Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium | p=dominant allele q=recessive allele p+q=1 |
| Genotype frequencies | P^2=AA 2pq=Aa Q^2=aa P^2+2pq+q^2=1 |
| Natural Selection | Individuals with traits that improve survival/reproduction leave more offspring, causing those traits to become more common. |
| Fitness (W) | Relative reproductive success of a genotype |
| Adaptive Landscape | shows relationships between allele frequencies and mean population fitness. |
| Heritability (h^2) | Within a population, traits are varying due to genetic differences. |
| Breeder's Equation | R=h^2S |
| Intraspecific Variation | Differences among individuals or populations of the same species. |
| Sources of variation | Genetic and environmental |
| Local adaptation | When a population evolves traits that increase survival/reproduction in its local environment |
| Phenotype | Genetics+Environment+ GxE (interaction between genetics and environment) |
| Phenotypic plasticity | Ability of an organism to change its traits, behavior, or physiology in response to environmental conditions without changing its DNA |
| Acquired Traits | Result from an individual's experiences/environment (not genetically inherited) Physical- damaged tail Behavioral- learned behaviors |
| Tolerance range | Range of environmental conditions an organism can survive. (lower limit, optimal range, upper limit) |
| Temporal Environmental Variation | Environmental conditions can change over time. the more constant, the easier to adapt to. |
| Avoidance | Avoid exposure to harsh conditions. Migration, resting, seeking shelter |
| Tolerance | Remain exposed but survive within environmental limits. Salt, water, temperature tolerance. |
| Evolutionary Trade-Off | An adaptation provides a benefit but also has a cost Migration- benefits: access to food costs: exposure to predators |
| Principle of Allocation | Resources are limited, so investing in one function leaves fewer resources for others. ex: adaption to extreme heat reduce ability to tolerate extreme cold |
| Physical constraints | Organisms must obey the laws of physics |
| Historical constraints | Evolution works with structures and traits that already exist |
| Temperature | Measure of average kinetic energy of molecules |
| Temperature affects | Enzyme activity, biological reaction rates, water loss/availability |
| Macroclimate | Large-scale, long-term patterns of weather/climate |
| Microclimate | Small-scale differences in environmental conditions within a local area. Under vegetation, rocks, in shaded areas |
| Factors affecting microclimates | Altitude, aspect (direction a slope faces), Albedo (how much radiation a surface reflects) |
| Burrows | Can create unique microclimates and are often cooler because of soil moisture. |
| Water temperature changes more slowly than air temperature. Why? | Water has a high specific heat (high thermal inertia). |
| Organismal Temperature | Determined by the balance between heat gained and heat lost. |
| Organisms respond to heat by | Changing heat exchange (physiological, morphological, behavioral) and tolerating changes in internal temperature. |
| Conduction | Heat transfer through direct contact |
| Radiation | Heat transfer through electromagnetic radiation |
| Convection | Heat transfer through moving air/water |
| Evaporation | Heat loss when water evaporates |
| Animal body temp regulation: Poikilotherm | Body temp varies substantially with environmental temperature. |
| Animal body temp regulation: Homeotherm | Body temperature stays relatively stable. most birds and mammals. |
| Animal source of heat: Ectotherm | Obtains heat from external environment (reptiles, fish, invertebrates' behavior and their environmental choices maximizes performance) |
| Animal source of heat: Endotherm | Generates heat through internal metabolism. Greater temp difference -> faster heat loss |
| Newton's Law of Cooling | Rate of heat loss is proportional to difference between body temp and environ. temp |
| Surface Area | Controls heat exchange |
| Volume/Mass | Stores and generates heat |
| Small endotherms have a ___ time maintaining body temperature | harder |
| Bergmann's rule | Endotherms have large body sizes in colder climates and smaller body sizes in warmer climates |
| Insulation | Reduces heat loss by trapping air and reducing heat transfer |
| Vasodilation | Blood vessels near skin widen |
| Vasoconstriction | Blood vessels narrow |
| Contercurrent circulation | Arteries and veins run close together so heat can transfer between them. |
| Evaporative cooling | Water evaporation removes heat from the body |
| Metabolic heat | Animals can increase heat production through shivering and increased metabolic activity. |
| Antifreeze Molecules | Certain chemicals prevent/slow ice crystal formation |
| Heat-shock proteins | Proteins produced during heat stress that help protect and stabilize cellular proteins |
| Torpor | A reversible reduction in metabolic activity and body temp that conserves energy. Animals must use stored energy to exit torpor. |
| Hibernation | Long-term torpor, usually during winter. Facultative (when conditions require it) and Obligate (part of normal life cycle) |
| Estivation | Summer torpor used to survive high temp, dry conditions, limited water. |
| Daily torpor | Short term lasting part of a day. |
| Temp adaptations in plants | Morph, physio, behavioral adaptations/responses |
| Cold adaptations in plants (arctic/alpine plants) | Increase radiative heating (absorb more solar radiation) Decrease convective cooling (reduce heat loss to moving air) |
| Heat adaptations in desert plants | Limited soil water -> less transpiration -> less evaporative cooling |
| Plants can avoid unfavorable seasons through | dormancy/seeds |
| Thermoneutral zone | Endotherm maintaining body temperature without extra metabolic adjustment. |
| Organismal Ecology | Individual organisms interact with their environment. |
| Community Ecology | Interactions among populations of different species living together |
| Ecosystem Ecology | Biotic communities and their abiotic environment. |
| Measures of Central Tendency | Mean, median, mode |
| Mark Recapture Method | Estimating population size by marking individuals, releasing them, and later recapturing a sample to see how many are marked. |
| Lincoln-Peterson Index | Estimates population size using 2 samples |
| Smaller number of recaptures-> | larger estimated population |
| Bailey's Correction | A modification designed to improve the estimate when the basic lincoln-peterson assumptions make the original estimate less reliable. |
Created by:
Brookelol