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Nelda test prep
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| CH 6: What are the three primary body planes? | Sagittal/Midsagittal (divides left/right), Frontal/Coronal (divides front/back), Horizontal/Transverse (divides top/bottom). |
| CH 6: What are the two primary body cavities and their subdivisions? | Dorsal Cavity (cranial & spinal) and Ventral Cavity (thoracic & abdominopelvic). |
| CH 6: What are the basic components of cell structure? | Cell membrane, cytoplasm, and nucleus. |
| CH 6: What are the 4 primary tissue types in the human body? | Epithelial, Connective, Muscle, and Nerve tissues. |
| CH 7: List the 10 major body systems. | Skeletal, Muscular, Cardiovascular, Nervous, Respiratory, Digestive, Endocrine, Urinary, Integumentary, and Reproductive systems. |
| CH 7: What is the structural difference between Cortical and Cancellous bone? | Cortical Bone: Dense, hard outer shell (compact bone). Cancellous Bone: Spongy, porous inner lattice containing bone marrow. |
| CH 7: What constitutes the Central Nervous System (CNS) vs. Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)? | CNS: Brain and spinal cord. PNS: Cranial nerves and spinal nerves extending through the body. |
| CH 9: Name the main bones of the cranium/skull. | Frontal, Parietal (2), Occipital, Temporal (2), Sphenoid, and Ethmoid bones. |
| CH 9: Name the primary bones of the face. | Zygomatic (2), Maxillary (2), Palatine (2), Nasal (2), Lacrimal (2), Vomer, Inferior Nasal Conchae (2), and Mandible. |
| CH 9: Define Bruxism, Trismus, Crepitus, and Clenching (TMJ disorders). | Bruxism: Involuntary grinding. Trismus: Spasm limiting jaw opening. Crepitus: Cracking/grinding sound. Clenching: Sustained pressure without lateral movement. |
| CH 9: What are the 3 major salivary glands and their corresponding ducts? | Parotid (Stensen's duct), Submandibular (Wharton's duct), Sublingual (Bartholin's duct). |
| CH 10: Differentiate between Extraoral (EO) and Intraoral (IO) landmarks. | EO Landmarks: Ala, tragus, commissure, philtrum, mental protuberance. IO Landmarks: Frenums, uvula, hard/soft palate, retromolar pad, vestibule. |
| CH 10: What are the 6 primary surfaces of teeth (M, D, L, B, O, I)? | Mesial (toward midline), Distal (away from midline), Lingual (tongue side), Buccal/Facial (cheek side), Occlusal (chewing surface - posterior), Incisal (cutting edge - anterior). |
| CH 11: What are the 3 primary dentition periods? | Primary (deciduous), Mixed (both primary and permanent present), Permanent (adult). |
| CH 11: What are the 4 types of teeth in the permanent dentition? | Incisors, Canines (Cuspids), Premolars (Bicuspids), and Molars. |
| CH 11: Differentiate between Anatomical Crown and Clinical Crown. | Anatomical Crown: Portion covered by enamel (constant). Clinical Crown: Portion visible above the gingival margin in the mouth (variable). |
| CH 11: How is the dentition divided into Quadrants and Sextants? | Quadrants: 4 quarters (UR, UL, LL, LR). Sextants: 6 divisions (Maxillary Right, Anterior, Left; Mandibular Left, Anterior, Right). |
| CH 11: Name the Universal Tooth Numbering System ranges for Primary and Permanent teeth. | Permanent: Teeth 1 through 32. Primary: Letters A through T. |
| CH 11: What are the 4 structural layers of a tooth? | Enamel (outer hard layer), Dentin (main bulk), Cementum (covers root), Pulp (inner nerve/blood tissue). |
| CH 11: Describe Angle's Classifications of Occlusion (Class I, II, III). | Class I (Neutrocclusion): Normal molar relationship. Class II (Distocclusion): Mandible retruded (overbite). Class III (Mesiocclusion): Mandible protruded (underbite). |
| CH 11: Differentiate between Centric Occlusion and Functional Occlusion. | Centric: Maximum intercuspation when jaws are closed. Functional: Contact of teeth during movement (chewing, lateral excursion). |
| CH 12: Compare Maxillary vs. Mandibular arch morphology. | Maxillary: Stationary, anchored to skull, contains palatal roof. Mandibular: Movable, hinged at TMJ, horse-shoe shape surrounding tongue. |
| Terminology: Define Xerostomia and Sialoliths. | Xerostomia: Dry mouth from reduced saliva flow. Sialoliths: Salivary stones blocking duct walls. |
| Terminology: Differentiate Artery, Vein, and Nerve. | Artery: Carries oxygenated blood away from heart. Vein: Returns deoxygenated blood toward heart. Nerve: Transmits sensory/motor impulses. |
| Terminology: What is the Trigeminal Nerve (CN V)? | The 5th cranial nerve; primary sensory supply to teeth, oral cavity, and face (ophthalmic, maxillary, mandibular branches). |
| Terminology: Define Alveolar Bone and Paranasal Sinuses. | Alveolar Bone: Bone of maxilla/mandible supporting tooth sockets. Paranasal Sinuses: Air-filled cavities in skull bones surrounding nasal cavity. |
| Terminology: Define Edentulous, Foramen, and Fossa. | Edentulous: Without natural teeth. Foramen: Natural opening/hole in bone for nerves/vessels. Fossa: Shallow depression/concavity in bone or tooth. |
| Terminology: Define Apex and Furcation. | Apex: Anatomic tip of the root end. Furcation: Area between two or more roots where they divide. |
| Terminology: Define Attrition, Mamelon, and Cingulum. | Attrition: Mechanical wearing away from tooth contact. Mamelon: Rounded enamel extension on incisal edge. Cingulum: Convex bulge on lingual surface of anterior teeth. |
| Terminology: Define Diastema, Cusp, and Pit. | Diastema: Space between two adjacent teeth. Cusp: Elevation/mound on occlusal/incisal surface. Pit: Pinpoint depression where developmental grooves meet. |
| Terminology: Define Central Groove and Marginal Ridge. | Central Groove: Prominent developmental line traversing occlusal center. Marginal Ridge: Rounded border of enamel forming mesial/distal edges. |
| Terminology: Differentiate Succedaneous vs. Nonsuccedaneous teeth. | Succedaneous: Permanent teeth replacing primary predecessors (incisors, canines, premolars). Nonsuccedaneous: Permanent teeth with no primary predecessor (all molars). |
| CH 17: Describe Oral Candidiasis (Thrush). | Fungal/yeast infection (Candida albicans) causing white, creamy patches on mucosa that wipe off leaving a red, bleeding surface. |
| CH 17: Differentiate Leukoplakia and Lichen Planus. | Leukoplakia: Premalignant firmly attached white patch that cannot be scraped off. Lichen Planus: Benign chronic disease featuring white lace-like patterns (Wickham's striae). |
| CH 17: Differentiate Carcinoma, Sarcoma, and Osteosarcoma. | Carcinoma: Malignant tumor of epithelial origin. Sarcoma: Malignant tumor of connective tissue origin. Osteosarcoma: Malignant tumor of bone. |
| CH 17: Compare Geographic, Fissured, and Black Hairy Tongue. | Geographic: Smooth red patches with white borders changing patterns. Fissured: Deep grooves on dorsal surface. Black Hairy: Elongated filiform papillae stained dark by bacteria/tobacco/fungi. |
| CH 17: Compare Abrasion, Attrition, and Erosion. | Abrasion: Mechanical wear from external friction (e.g., hard toothbrush). Attrition: Normal wear from tooth-on-tooth contact. Erosion: Chemical wear from acids (non-bacterial). |
| CH 17: Compare Abscess vs. Aphthous Ulcer. | Abscess: Localized pus collection at apex or periodontium. Aphthous Ulcer: Canker sore; unattached non-contagious mucosal ulcer. |
| CH 18: What are the 7 Major Groups of Microorganisms? | Bacteria, Rickettsiae, Algae, Protozoa, Fungi, Prions, and Viruses. |
| CH 18: Summarize Viral Hepatitis Types A, B, C, D, E. | HAV/HEV: Fecal-oral route (food/water). HBV/HCV/HDV: Bloodborne/body fluids. Vaccine exists for A and B (HBV vaccine protects against D). |
| CH 18: Differentiate Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 and Type 2. | HSV-1: Causes oral herpes (fever blisters / cold sores). HSV-2: Causes genital herpes lesions. |
| CH 18: What is HIV/AIDS and how does it attack the body? | Bloodborne viral disease that infects and destroys T-cells, destroying immune function. |
| CH 18: What conditions are caused by Varicella-Zoster and Epstein-Barr viruses? | Varicella-Zoster: Causes Chickenpox (primary) and Shingles (reactivated). Epstein-Barr: Causes Infectious Mononucleosis and Hairy Leukoplakia. |
| CH 18: What is Normal Flora? | Harmless, nonpathogenic microorganisms inhabiting skin, GI, and respiratory tracts that protect against invasive pathogens. |
| CH 18: Key facts on TB, Legionnaires, Tetanus, Syphilis, and MRSA. | TB: Mycobacterium tuberculosis benchmark. Legionnaires: Waterborne aerosol. Tetanus: Spore entry in puncture wound. Syphilis: Spirochete (chancre stage). MRSA: Resistant Staph. |
| CH 18: Differentiate Epidemic, Endemic, and Pandemic. | Endemic: Normal/expected disease prevalence in a region. Epidemic: Sudden local spike in cases. Pandemic: Global outbreak of a new disease. |
| CH 18: Role of Louis Pasteur and Joseph Lister in Microbiology. | Louis Pasteur: Father of Microbiology, pasteurization, rabies vaccine. Joseph Lister: Introduced antiseptic technique and airborne microbial control in surgery. |
| CH 19: What are the 4 main types of infection courses? | Acute (severe, rapid onset), Chronic (long duration), Latent (dormant/recurrent), Opportunistic (occurs in immunocompromised). |
| CH 19: What are the 4 primary Modes of Disease Transmission? | Direct contact, Indirect contact (fomite), Airborne/Aerosol/Spatter, and Vector/Insect. |
| CH 19: What are the 4 Types of Immunity? | Inherited (at birth), Acquired (lifetime), Naturally Acquired (recovered from disease), Artificially Acquired (vaccine). |
| CH 19: What are the 6 links in the Chain of Infection? | Infectious Agent -> Reservoir -> Portal of Exit -> Mode of Transmission -> Portal of Entry -> Susceptible Host. |
| CH 20: Compare Antiseptic vs. Disinfectant. | Antiseptic: Applied to living tissue (skin/hand sanitizers). Disinfectant: Applied to inanimate surfaces (tables/countertops). Never use interchangeably! |
| CH 20: Differentiate Surface Disinfectants: Iodophors, Quats, Hypochlorite, Glutaraldehyde, Alcohol. | Iodophors: Intermediate EPA, stains yellow. Quats: Low/Intermediate. Hypochlorite: Household bleach, corrosive. Glutaraldehyde: High-level sterilant. Alcohol: Not recommended (evaporates fast). |
| CH 20: How do High-Volume Evacuation (HVE) suctions protect clinical areas? | Drastically reduces aerosol, spray, and spatter emissions at the source before contaminating room surfaces or team members. |
| CH 21: Classify Instruments into 3 Risk Categories (Critical, Semi-critical, Noncritical). | Critical: Penetrates tissue/bone -> Heat Sterilize. Semi-critical: Touches mucosa -> Heat sterilize/High disinfectant. Noncritical: Intact skin -> Low/Intermediate disinfectant. |
| CH 21: What are the 4 Workflow Areas in Instrument Processing? | 1. Receiving & Sorting (Contaminated) -> 2. Preparation & Packaging -> 3. Sterilization -> 4. Storage. |
| CH 21: What are the 7 Steps of Instrument Processing? | Transport -> Precleaning -> Packaging -> Sterilization -> Storage -> Delivery -> Quality Assurance. |
| CH 21: What are the 3 Precleaning/Decontamination Methods? | Holding Solution, Ultrasonic Cleaning, Automated Washers/Disinfectors. |
| CH 21: Compare Steam Autoclave, Chemical Vapor (STATIM), and Dry Heat. | Steam: Heat under pressure. Chemical Vapor: Alcohol/formaldehyde (no rust). Dry Heat: Static/forced air 320-375 deg F (no rust if dry). |
| CH 21: What are the 3 Types of Sterilization Monitoring? | Physical: Gauges/time/temp. Chemical: Process indicators (external) & integrators (internal). Biologic: Spore testing (only true verification). |
| CH 21: How are Dental Handpieces sterilized and maintained? | Flush water lines 20-30 sec, preclean, lubricate according to manufacturer, package, and heat sterilize. Never run hot or submerge in water. |
| CH 22: Differentiate Regulatory vs. Non-regulatory Advisory Agencies. | Regulatory: Issue enforceable laws/mandates (OSHA, EPA, FDA). Non-regulatory: Advisory recommendations based on science (CDC, OSAP, NIOSH). |
| CH 22: What are the roles of EPA, CDC, OSHA, OSAP, FDA, and NIH? | EPA: Environment/disinfectants. CDC: Infection control guidelines. OSHA: Worker protection (BBP). OSAP: Dental safety. FDA: Medical device safety. NIH: Research. |
| CH 22: What are the 4 Classifications of Dental Waste? | General/Regulated Waste, Contaminated Waste, Hazardous Waste, and Infectious/Pathologic Waste. |
| CH 23: What are the 3 Primary Routes of Chemical Exposure? | Inhalation, Skin Contact/Absorption, and Ingestion. |
| CH 23: Differentiate Acute vs. Chronic Chemical Toxicity. | Acute: High exposure level over a short period (spill). Chronic: Low exposure level repeated over a long period (months/years). |
| CH 23: What is a Safety Data Sheet (SDS) and its format? | Detailed 16-section standard document detailing chemical properties, health hazards, PPE, first aid, and handling precautions. |
| CH 23: Differentiate Biohazard Container vs. Sharps Container requirements. | Biohazard Container: Closable, leakproof, labeled biohazard (red/yellow) for blood-soaked soft items. Sharps: Puncture-resistant, leakproof, closable container for sharp instruments. |
| CH 24: What is the CFU standard limit for Dental Unit Waterlines (DUWLs)? | CDC limits drinking water/DUWL output to less than or equal to 500 CFU/mL of heterotrophic water bacteria. |
| CH 24: What bacterium is a major pathogen of concern in DUWLs? | Legionella pneumophila (causes Legionnaires' disease). |
| CH 24: What is Suckback/Backflow and how is it prevented? | Back-siphonage of patient fluids into waterlines when saliva ejectors are closed by patient lips; prevented with anti-retraction valves. |
| CH 24: Differentiate Planktonic Bacteria vs. Biofilm. | Planktonic: Free-floating bacteria in fluid. Biofilm: Complex slime layer of bacteria attached to inner tube walls. |
| CH 24: How are Dental Unit Waterlines flushed and shocked? | Flushing: Run water/air lines 20-30 sec between patients and morning. Shocking: Periodic chemical treatment (biocides) to break down biofilm. |
| CH 33: Name the 4 Transfer Zones (Clock Concept for Right-Handed Operator). | Operator: 7-12 o'clock, Transfer: 4-7 o'clock, Assistant: 2-4 o'clock, Static: 12-2 o'clock. |
| CH 33: What are the 3 primary Instrument Grasps and the Fulcrum? | Grasps: Pen grasp, Modified pen grasp, Palm-thumb grasp. Fulcrum: Finger rest on tooth structure for stability and control. |
| CH 34: What are the 4 Classifications of Hand Instruments? | Examination, Hand Cutting, Restorative, and Accessory instruments. |
| CH 34: What constitutes a Basic Setup for a dental examination tray? | Mouth Mirror, Explorer, and Cotton Pliers (Spoon excavator/probe optional additions). |
| CH 35: Differentiate High-Speed vs. Low-Speed Handpieces. | High-Speed: Up to 400,000 RPM, friction-grip burs, air/water spray coolant. Low-Speed: 10,000-30,000 RPM, latch-type or straight burs, finishing/polishing/caries removal. |
| CH 36: Compare Suction Types and Moisture Control options. | HVE: High volume, high suction. Saliva Ejector: Low volume. Moisture Control: Cotton rolls, Dry aids, Rubber Dam (complete isolation). |
| CH 37: Components of Local Anesthesia Setup (Syringe, Carpule, Harpoon). | Topical: Numbs mucosa prior. Vasoconstrictor: Constricts blood vessels (Epinephrine). Harpoon: Hooks rubber stopper for aspiration test. |
| CH 38: Who are the Radiation Founding Fathers? | Wilhelm Rontgen: Discovered X-rays (1895). Otto Walkhoff: First dental radiograph. C. Edmund Kells: First US dental radiograph on living patient. |
| CH 38: Differentiate Anode vs. Cathode inside the X-ray Tubehead. | Cathode (-): Negative electrode containing tungsten filament (emits electrons). Anode (+): Positive electrode containing tungsten target (converts electrons to photons). |
| CH 38: Compare Radiolucent vs. Radiopaque image appearances. | Radiolucent: Dark/black areas (air spaces, pulp, decay). Radiopaque: Light/white areas (enamel, bone, metal restorations). |
| CH 38: Compare Kilovoltage (kV) and Milliamperage (mA). | kV: Controls quality/penetrating power/contrast (high kV = low contrast/long scale). mA: Controls quantity/number of X-rays/density (overall darkness). |
| CH 39: Compare Digital Image Receptors (CCD vs. PSP). | CCD (Charge-Coupled Device): Direct sensor, wired, immediate image on screen. PSP (Photostimulated Phosphor): Indirect, cordless plates, requires laser scanner processing. |
| CH 41: Compare Paralleling vs. Bisecting Intraoral Techniques. | Paralleling: Receptor parallel to tooth long axis, central ray perpendicular to both (most accurate). Bisecting: Central ray perpendicular to bisecting angle formed by tooth & sensor. |
| CH 41: Identify Intraoral Radiographic Errors (Overlap, Elongation, Foreshortening, Conecut). | Overlap: Incorrect horizontal angulation. Elongation: Under-angulation (vertical). Foreshortening: Over-angulation (vertical). Conecut: Central ray not centered on receptor. |
| CH 42: Name the primary Extraoral Imaging Modalities and Positioning Landmarks. | Modalities: Panoramic, Cephalometric, CBCT (3D). Landmarks: Focal trough (zone of sharpness), Frankfort Plane (horizontal), Midsagittal Plane (vertical perpendicular). |
Created by:
Cocoalover