Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Cells and Tissues
Anatomy
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Cells | Basic Structural and functional units of all living organisms, adult humans have 75 trillion cells with 200 different types |
| Somatic Cells | Body cells |
| Germ Cells | sex cells |
| Light Microscopy | Visible light passes through a stained sample cell |
| Transmission Electron Microscopy | Beam of electrons passes through a thin slice of specimen, creates a 2D image |
| Scanning Electron Microscopy | Beam of electron bounces off surface of cell, creating a 3D image |
| Characteristics of living things | organization, metabolism, growth and development, responsiveness, adaptation, regulation/homeostasis, reproduction |
| Anabolic Metabolism | Building up |
| Catabolic Metabolism | Breaking down |
| Functional category: Covering | Protect outer surface of body, epithelial/epidermal skin cells |
| Functional category: Lining | regulate nutrient movement into body tissues, epithelial cells in small intestine |
| Functional category: Connection/attachment | Form ligaments or tendons, collagen (protein) fibers from fibroblasts |
| Ligaments | Bone to bone attachment |
| Tendons | Bone to muscle attachment |
| Functional category: Movement | move skeleton, skeletal and cardiac muscle cells |
| Functional category: Communication | send information between regions of the brain and spinal cord, neurons |
| Functional category: Defense | Produce antibodies to target antigens or invading cells, lymphocytes |
| Functional category: Storage | Store carbohydrate nutrients as glycogen, adipocytes storing lipid reserves, hepatocytes |
| Functional category: Reproduction | produce a new individual, sperm and oocyte cells, bone marrow stem cells producing new blood cells |
| Prototypical Cell | plasma membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus |
| Cytosol | Fluid part of cytoplasm |
| Inclusions | substances that are being stored in cells like melanin, glycogen and skeletal muscle cells |
| Organelles | Membrane bound and non membrane bound |
| Plasma membrane | can have tissue specific names, composed of mainly lipids and proteins in combination with carbohydrates to function as a selectively permeable membrane |
| Lipid componet | 50 percent of membrane |
| Phospholipids | 70 percent of lipids, in a bilayer with hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tail |
| Cholesterol | 20 percent of lipids, a steroid type, scattered throughout bilayer, creates strength and stability |
| Glycolipids | 5-10 percent of lipids, the outer part of membrane, part of glycocalyx |
| Protein Components | 50 percent of membrane |
| Integral/Intrinsic Proteins | embedded within and throughout bilayer, membrane channels allow some substances to pass through, receptors are binding sites and glycoproteins are a part of glycocalyx. Can function as enzyme |
| Peripheral/Extrinsic Proteins | attached to internal or external surface of membrane, more soluble. Can function as enzyme. |
| Carbohydrate Componets/Glycocalyx | functions in communication, cell-cell recognition and intracellular adhesion |
| Intracellular Fluid | cytosol part of cytoplasm |
| Extracellular Fluid | interstitial fluid, plasma in blood vessels, lymph in lymphatic vessels |
| Selective Permeability Factors | Molecule size, concentration gradient, ionic charge, lipid solubility, transport proteins |
| Inclusions | chemical substances that cells store temporarily |
| Glycogen | storage unit of glucose in liver and skeletal muscle cells |
| Lipid Droplets | triglyceride molecule accumulation in adipocytes |
| Melanin | in skin, hair, and eyes, protects from suns UV light |
| Lipofuscin | brown-yellow pigment associated with nerve cell bodies, aka the aging pigment |
| Rough ER | continuous with nuclear envelope, has cisternae with ribosomes attached to cytoplasm side of membrane. |
| Cisternae | flattened membraneous sacs that rough ER consists of |
| Smooth ER | continuous with rough ER, no ribosomes, has interconnected branches of tubules, involved with synthesis, transport, storage of lipids, metabolism of carbohydrates and detoxification of drugs/alcohol |
| Golgi Apparatus | receives and modifies proteins from ER, sorting and packing materials destined for the plasma membrane or for lysosomes. Has cisternae. Recieving (cis-face) region, and shipping (trans-face) regions. Can pinch of vesicles |
| Membrane-bound organelles: Lysosomes | Membrane sacs generated by golgi apparatus, have enzymes that digest material brought into cell, break down damaged organelles, and can digest cell itself |
| Endocytosis | active transport bringing in material by having the membrane fold in upon itself, creating a vesicle |
| Autophagy | breaking down damaged organelles |
| Autolysis | Digestion of cell |
| Membrane-bound organelles: Peroxisomes | membrane enclosed sacs formed my pinching off rough ER, smaller than lysosomes, they detoxify - making hydrogen peroxide into water, and breaking down fatty acids |
| Membrane-bound organelles: Mitochondria | have a double membrane, with cristae folds increasing the surface area for ATP synthesis. Also has a matrix with circular mitochondrial DNA inside. |
| Matrix | Internal fluid, contains mitochondrial DNA |
| Non-Membrane bound organelles: Ribosomes | free and bound ribosomes, have a small and large subunit that create the functional ribosome |
| Free Ribosomes | produce proteins for cellular use |
| Bound Ribosomes | produce proteins that are incorporated into plasma membrane, exported from cell, or within lysosome |
| Non-membrane bound organelles: Cytoskeleton | Microfilaments, intermediate filaments and microtubles |
| Microfilaments | 7nm in diameter, actin protein, associated with terminal web, help maintain cell shape, muscle contraction and seperates cell during cell division |
| Intermediate Filaments | 8-12nm in diameter, Keratin protein that helps maintain cell shape and associated with some cell-cell junctions |
| Microtubules | Hollow tubules 25 nm in diameter, tubulin protein, radiates from the centrosome and are associated with mitotic spindle, help maintain cell shape and stabilizing organelles, associated with cilia and flagella. Are non permanent structures. |
| Non-Membrane bound organelles: centrosome and centrioles | found near nucleus, with a matrix - microtubule organizing center supporting growth and elongation of microtubules in nondividing cells, a pair arranged perpendicularly. Made of 9 microtubule triplets arranged in a circle, replicated before cell division |
| Cell Extensions: Cilia | alot on apical surfaces of cells that line tracts, such as respiratory tracts where they move mucus |
| Cell Extensions: Flagella | similar to cilia, but longer and singular, such as a sperm tail |
| Cell Extensions: Microvilli | Short extensions from plasma membrane, smaller than cilia w/ different internal structure, they are non motile and form a brush border, such as intestine lining to increase surface area for absorption |
| Internal Structure of Cell Extensions: Axoneme | In cilia, has 9 doublets of microtubules peripherally and a central pair of microtubules |
| internal Structure of Cell Extensions: Basal Body | Often at apical margin, has 9 triplets of microtubules at the edge of cell in cytoplasm |
| Nuclecus | Has a nuclear envelope which separates cytoplasm from nucleoplasm, with ribosome bound to cytoplasmic side. Nuclear pores give openings and it also has nucleoli |
| Nucleoli | Spherical, made of RNA and create ribosome subunits |
| Gene | unit of nuclear DNA |
| Nucleotide | building blocks of DNA molecules, consisting of a sugar molecule, phosphate molecule and a nitrogenous base |
| Chromatin | Form of non dividing DNA and associated histone proteins |
| Chromosomes | during cell division, these condensed structures are created from chromatin |
| Mitosis | Cell division within body/somatic cells, create 2 daughter cells with identical number of chromosomes. Includes prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase |
| Meiosis | Cell division of gametes |
| Cytokeinesis | Division of cytoplasm at the end of mitosis |
| G0 Phase | State where non-dividing cells reside |
| G1 Phase | first gap phase where cells replicate/produce new organelles and proteins, centriole replication at the end of this phase |
| S Phase | DNA synthesis phase |
| G2 Phase | second gap phase where centriole replication is complete and organelles are still being replicated |
| Prophase | Chromatin forms chromosomes, microtubules develop into spindle fibers and form mitotic spindles. Centrioles migrate to poles and nuclear envelope breaks down. Early and late prophase can be recognized. |
| Chromosome | sister chromatids attached by a centromere |
| Metaphase | replicated chromosomes line up along equatorial plate. Spindle fibers attach to centromere and chromosomes |
| Anaphase | spindle fibers pull sister chromatids apart at centromere towards poles. A contractile ring of actin protein filaments begin to form a cleavage furrow. Early and late anaphase can be recognized |
| Telophase | A new nuclear envelope forms around each set of chromosomes, chromosomes uncoil into chromatin, mitotic spindle dissapears, nucleoli reappear and the cleavage furrow deepens and the cytoplasm is divided |
Created by:
user-2044712