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MICR exam 1
MICRO quiz 1
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Hooke | cork, cells |
| leeuwenhoek | first microbes, animalcules |
| Semmelweis | handwashing |
| pasteur | fermentation, pasteurization |
| koch | disease causing microbes, pure culture |
| kochs postulates | FICR, find, isolate, cause, re-isolate |
| hesse | agar |
| petri | Petri dish |
| light microscopy | visible light, shorter wavelength=higher resolution |
| bright field | bright background, dark specimen |
| fixation | cells attach to side |
| staining | cells easier to see |
| gram positive | purple, thick wall, one membrane |
| gram negative | pink, thin wall, two membranes |
| spore stain | malachite green, endospores |
| negative stain | background stained, cells clear |
| dark field | dark background, light specimen |
| phase contrast | living, unstained cells |
| fluorescence | fluorophores, glowing specimen, longer wavelength |
| electron microscopy | shorter wavelength, highest resolution |
| TEM | transmit through specimen, internal structures, thin slice |
| SEM | scan surface, external structures, 3D, uses gold |
| AFM | digital surface image |
| prokaryotes | bacteria and arches |
| bacteria traits | no membrane bound organelles or nucleus, compact genome, genetic material in nucleoid, smaller than eukaryotes |
| cytoplasm | gel like interior of cell |
| cell membrane | around cytoplasm, controls movement in/out of cell, semipermeable |
| cell wall | outside membrane, shape, rigidity, protection |
| nuceloid | has bacterial chromosome, no membrane |
| flagellum | movement |
| hydrophilic head | likes water, contains phosphate |
| hydrophobic tail | avoids water, fatty acids |
| membrane functions | transport, detect signals, communicate, store and produce energy, provide structure, ATP synthase |
| hopanoids | membrane support |
| peptigodlycan | cell wall structure, cross linked NAG and NAM sugars with peptides |
| electron microscopy | uses electromagnets to focus beams |
| high resolution | shorter wavelengths have... |
| phase contrast | uses differences in refractive index and no stain |
| AFM | uses cantilever and laser, physically scans surface |
| darkfield | exploits difference in light scattering between specimen and surroundings |
| brightfield | requires a visible stain on fixed specimen |
| TEM | a microtome is used and specimens are stained with heavy metals |
| antiport | two substances move opposite directions |
| symport | two substances move the same direction |
| coupled transport | movement of one substance across membrane is linked to the movement of something else |
| bacterial storage granules | the cells pantry, stores ATP, sulfur, phosphate, carbon compounds, etc |
| defined/synthetic media | know exactly whats in it |
| complex media | some ingredients might have unknown/multiple components |
| gram negative | have outer membrane and LPS |
| order of gram stain | CIAS, violet, iodine, alcohol, safranin |
| Disaccharides | sugars, NAM and NAG are in peptidoglycan |
| Lipid A | endotoxin, gram negative |
| order of metric units large to small | m, mm, um, nm, A |
| magnification | makes an object look bigger |
| resolution | allows you to distinguish separate objects |
| excitation | the wavelength you shine onto the specimen |
| emission | the wavelength the specimen gives back out |
| SEM | gold stain |
| cell membrane | phospholipid bilayer and proteins |
| cell envelope | cell membrane and cell wall |
| LPS components | Lipid A, core polysaccharide, and O antigen |
| O antigen | outermost part of LPS, made of sugars, can be used to identify bacteria, and interacts with and evades the immune system |
| Core polysaccharide | connects O antigen and Lipid A, maintains structure and stability of outer membrane |
| exotoxin | secreted toxin, generally a protein |
| capsule | external layer surrounding some bacteria, made of polysaccharides |
| capsule function | protection, helps bacteria avoid immune defenses |
| antibiotics | can target cell-wall synthesis, transcription, translation, protein synthesis, DNA/RNA synthesis. DONT WORK ON VIRUSES |
| carboxysomes | carbon fixation |
| thylakoids | light reactions/photosynthesis |
| magnetosomes | magnetic orientation |
| pili/fimbrae | fibers for attachment, made of protein |
| chemotaxis | movement in response to chemicals |
| selective media | encourages some organisms and inhibits others |
| differential media | lets you distinguish organisms based on their differences |
| macronutrients | needed in larger amounts |
| micronutrients | needed in smaller amounts, often function as enzyme confactors |
| pure culture techniques | spread plate/serial dilution and quadrant streak |
| ABC transporters | uses ATP to transport in/out of membrane |
| PTS/group translocation | substance is chemically modified while being transported into the cell |
| bacterial growth phases order | lag, log, stationary, death |
| lag | cells prepare for growth, synthesize things needed for division |
| log | cells rapidly divide, g and k measured here |
| stationary | no net growth, stress response increases |
| death | cells die off due mostly to nutrient depletion/harsh conditions |
| generation time | time required for a population to double |
| growth rate constant | k=1/g |
| endospores | bacillus and clostridium, contain DNA which can germinate |
| endospores happen when... | conditions become stressful |
| biofilms | made with exopolysaccharide, provide habitat for bacteria, are resistant structures |
| obligate aerobe | grows at top, can only grow in oxygen |
| microaerophile | grows just below top, grow at lower oxygen levels |
| facultative anaerobe | grows everywhere, more at top, can live with or without oxygen |
| obligate anaerobe | grows at bottom, die in oxygen |
| psychro | cold 0-20 |
| thermo | heat 40-80 |
| hyperthermo | extreme heat 65-121 |
| halo | salt |
| baro | pressure |
| acido | acid |
| alkali | basic/high pH |
| meso | moderate 15-45 |
| barothermophile | pressure and heat |
| haloalkaliphile | salt and alkaline conditions |
| baropsychrophile | pressure and cold |
| saturated fatty acids | helps make membranes less fluid with high temps |
| unsaturated fatty acids | maintains fluidity with low temps |
| radiation | causes DNA damage |
| radiation resistant | some bacteria have mechanisms that allow them to repair DNA damage such as multiple copies of a genome |
| sterilization | complete killing of all living cells |
| antisepsis | used on living tissue, most microbes eliminated |
| disinfection | used on objects/surfaces, most microbes eliminated |
| autoclaving | uses moist heat and pressure to destroy endospores |
| pasteurization | reduces pathogenic microbes |
| filtration | removes most bacteria, does not kill |
| irradiation | using radiation such as UV, Xrays, gamma radiation, to kill/reduce microorganisms |
| UV radiation | damages DNA and is used to disinfect surfaces, air, and equipment |
| Ionizing radiation | gamma rays or x rays, damages DNA and can be used to sterilize |
Created by:
odetteschnell7