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psych 0
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Confirmation Bias | tendency to search for, interpret, favor, and remember information that supports what you already believe while ignoring or downplaying evidence against it |
| Hindsight bias | tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that you would have foreseen or predicted it |
| Overconfidence | cognitive bias in which people overestimate the accuracy of their knowledge, judgments, and abilities, leading them to be more certain than correct. |
| Independent Variable | factor a researcher deliberately manipulates in an experiment to test its effect on the dependent variable |
| Dependent Variable | outcome a researcher measures in an experiment, the behavior or mental process expected to change because of the independent variable |
| Random Assignment | every participant has an equal chance of being placed in the experimental or control group, which evens out preexisting differences between groups and lets researchers conclude the independent variable caused the results |
| Case Study | non-experimental research method that examines one individual or small group in extreme depth, often over time. It produces rich, detailed (usually qualitative) data but cannot establish cause-and-effect and is hard to generalize to larger populations. |
| Correlation | a statistical measure that describes the strength and direction of the relationship between two variables |
| Meta-Analysis | statistical method that combines results from multiple independent studies on the same topic |
| Naturalistic observation | behavior is observed in a real-world setting without interference. It is used to study social cognition, theory of mind, and everyday behavior as it naturally happens |
| Hypothesis | a testable prediction about the relationship between two or more variables |
| Falsifiable Hypothesis | hypothesis can be proven false by observation or experiment |
| Operational Definitions | exactly how a researcher will measure or manipulate a variable in a study, turning an abstract concept like "aggression" or "happiness" into something concrete and countable, like number of hits or score on a mood survey |
| Confounding Variables / Third Variable Problem | a correlation between two variables may be explained by a third factor you did not measure, correlation ≠ causation |
| Histogram | graphical representation of the distribution of numerical data, where the data is divided into intervals, or 'bins', and the frequency of data points within each bin is displayed as bars |
| Correlation Coefficient | measures the strength of linear relationship b/t 2 quantitative variables, Range is from -1 to +1, relationship = weaker the closer to 0 |
| Central Tendency | a statistical measure that identifies a single, typical score to represent the center of a data set |
| Variation | describes how spread out or dispersed a set of scores or data points is |
| Percentile Rank | tells you the percentage of people in a norm group who scored below a particular individual on a standardized test |
| Standard Normal Curve | a symmetrical, bell-shaped graph where the mean (average) is 0 and the standard deviation (spread) is 1 |
| Representative Sample | selection of study units (e.g., participants, homes, schools) from a larger group (population) in an unbiased way, such that the sample obtained accurately reflects the total population |
| Random Sample | process for selecting a sample of study participants from a larger potential group of eligible individuals-each person has same fixed probability of being included in the sample-some chance procedure is used to determine who specifically is chosen |
| Convenience Sampling | any process for selecting a sample of individuals or cases that is neither random nor systematic but rather is governed by chance or ready availability |
| Sampling Bias | systematic and directional error involved in the choice of units, cases, or participants from a larger group for study. |
| Generalization | process of deriving a concept, judgment, principle, or theory from a limited number of specific cases and applying it more widely, often to an entire class of objects, events, or people |
| Experimental group | group of participants in a research study who are exposed to a particular manipulation of the independent variable |
| Control group | comparison group in a study whose members receive either no intervention at all or some established intervention |
| Placebo | a pharmacologically inert substance, such as a sugar pill, that is often administered as a control in testing new drug |
| Single-Blind | participants do not know which group receives |
| Experimenter Bias | when a researcher's expectations or preferences unintentionally influence the results of a study |
| Social Desirability Bias | tendency of survey respondents to answer questions in a way that makes them look good and fit in with societal expectations, rather than telling the truth |
| Structured Interviews | method for gathering information, used particularly in surveys and personnel selection, in which questions, their wordings, and their order of administration are determined in advance |
| Likert Scales | type of direct attitude measure that consists of statements reflecting strong positive or negative evaluations of an object. Five-point scales are common and a neutral middle point may or may not be included |
| Peer Review | evaluation of scientific or academic work, such as research or articles submitted to journals for publication, by other qualified professionals practicing in the same field |
| Statistical Significance | conclusion that a difference or relationship found in a study is unlikely to be due to chance alone, conventionally decided when the p-value is less than .05, meaning researchers can reject the null hypothesis |
| Size of Sample | The total number of participants or observations included in a study |
| Self-Report Bias | methodological error that happens when people give inaccurate or untruthful answers on surveys, interviews, or questionnaires about their own thoughts, feelings, or behaviors |
| Institutional Review Board | a committee named by an agency or institution to review research proposals originating within that agency for ethical acceptability and compliance with the organization’s codes of conduct |
| Animal Research Ethical Standards | APA guidelines for animal research · ensure that the use of animals is justified by the potential scientific value of the research |
| Informed Consent | person’s voluntary agreement to participate in a procedure on the basis of their understanding of its nature, its potential benefits and possible risks, and available alternatives |
| Confidentiality | a principle of professional ethics requiring limit the disclosure of a patient’s identity, their condition or treatment, and any data entrusted to professionals during assessment, diagnosis, and treatment |
| Confederates | aide of the experimenter who poses as a participant but whose behavior is rehearsed prior to the experiment |
| Debriefing | giving participants in a completed research project a fuller explanation of the study in which they participated than was possible before or during the research |
| Double-Blind | participants and the researchers do not know which group receives |
| Percentages of distributions | 68% w/n 1 SD of the mean-95% of scores fall w/n 2 SD of the mean-99% of scores w/n 3 SD of the mean |
| Skewness | distortion of the bell curve creates skewed distribution (+=L; -=R) |
| Bimodal Distribution | two distinct peaks (two modes) instead of one |
| Replication | repetition of an original experiment or research study to verify or bolster confidence in its results |
| reliability vs validity | |
| Regression toward the mean occurs when more data is collected. |
Created by:
arianacontreras