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A+P Biology Review
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Extracellular environment | area surrounding cell that provides support to the cell |
| plasma | found within blood vessels and heart chambers. It provides a liquid medium for the transport of material in the blood |
| Interstitial Fluid | located between cells. It provides a pathway for substances moving to and from neighboring cells |
| Matrix | interstitial fluid with proteins in it. It is a dense liquid that provides support, but doesn't allow materials to leak through |
| Intra cellular environment | area inside cell |
| plasma/cell membrane | membrane separating the cell from extracellular environment. It is made of lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates. it is the physical barrier between cell and outside world. |
| microvilli | finger-like projections that increase surface area so more things can be absorbed |
| cilia | longer projections that move materials over cell surface. |
| flagellum | single long projectile that provides propulsion for sperm cells |
| Diffusion | molecules move from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration until equilibrium occurs |
| osmosis | movement of water across a barrier leaving solutes behind |
| isotonic | concentration between two areas is the same |
| hypertonic | solute concentration outside of cell is higher than inside so the cell releases water to reach equilibrium |
| crenation | cell dehydrates and shrinks |
| hypotonic | solute concentration inside is higher than outside so the cell will take in water |
| lysis | cell will swell and may burst |
| filtration | passive process that forces water and solutes through membrane pores |
| active transport | using energy from ATP to push ions or molecule against a concentration gradient |
| vesicular transport | moving material into or out of the cells in vesicles |
| endocytosis | importing materials into the cells |
| pinocytosis | cell drinking where membrane folds around droplet of extracellular fluid. |
| phagocytosis | cell eating. plasma membrane extends, engulfs, and swallows a solid object like bacteria, debris, or abnormal materials. |
| exocytosis | vesicle created inside the cell discharges a material like a hormone, mucous, or waste product to the extracellular environment |
| secretion | something good released |
| excretion | something bad |
| cytoplasm | thick gel-like substance inside cell that cushions organelles |
| organelles | structures in the cell that serve a specific purpose |
| endoplasmic reticulum | series of branching and rejoining hollow tubes that transports newly made molecules and contains an enzyme to help in protein and fat production |
| rough ER | has round nodes called ribosomes. it helps to make proteins |
| smooth ER | no ribosomes. It helps make libids and carbohydrates |
| golgi apparatus | found near nucleus, is made of flattened dis shaped sacs, and processes proteins to make them ready to leave the cell during secretion |
| secretory vesicles | cells that excrete a lot of things like hormones and antibodies and have a lot of golgi |
| mitochondria | powerhouse of the cell that is spherical or sausage-shaped. |
| Lysosomes | spherical, randomly distributed throughout the cytoplasm. they are the digestive system of the cell that remove damaged organelles or pathogens within cells |
| peroxisomes | spherical and random. they detoxify molecules |
| cytoskeleton | located within cytoplasm, but it's not an organelle. It has proteins that provides structural support |
| microtubules | hollow tubes that help give cell support |
| microfilaments | thin, threadlike arranged in bundles. they said in cellular movement |
| nucleus | control center of cellular operations like matabolism and protein synthesis. It determines both structure and function of the cells |
| Nucleolus | dense region in nucleus containing DNA and rNA. it synthesizes RNA |
| mitosis | identical replication of cell using DNA replication. Helps with tissue growth |
| Meiosis | replication coming from two different cells sharing DNA information. Sexual reproduction |
| carbohydrate | sugars and starches used as an instant fuel or food reserve. monosaccharide, disaccharide, polysaccharide |
| Lipids | fats/triglycerides. Storage molecule for energy in the body |
| Proteins | 10-30% of cell mass. |
| amino acids | build muscles |
| enzymes | speed up chemical reactions in the body |
| Nucleic acids | determine the structure and function of cell in their beginning. the blue prints of life |
| DNA | located in the nucleus of cell and contains the organisms genes |
| RNA | molecular slave that carries out the orders of DNA |
| ATP | gathers and stores energy from other processes in its bonds. When bond breaks the released energy is used to power cell activities. |
Created by:
cj422