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PHARM Unit 1
Units 1 and 2 currently
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is pharmacotherapeutics? | The use of drugs to prevent, diagnose, or treat disease. |
| What is clinical pharmacology? | The study of drugs in humans. |
| What is the difference between a chemical, generic, and trade/brand name? | Chemical=chemical structure, generic= nonproprietary name, trade= manufacturer's brand name. |
| What are the major sources of drug information? | Drug labels, package inserts, reference books, and journals. |
| What is pharmacokinetics? | How medications travel through the body. |
| What are the 4 components of pharmacokinetics? | ADME: Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion. |
| What is absorption? | Movement of the drug into the bloodstream after administration. |
| What factors affect absorption? | Route of administration, blood flow, and form of drug. |
| What are the 3 processes of drug absorption? | Passive diffusion, active transport, and filtration. |
| What is distribution? | Movement of a drug from the circulation to body tissues. |
| What is the difference between protein-bound and free drug? | Protein-bound drug is inactive; free/unbound drug is active and can reach the site of action. |
| What is the blood-brain barrier? | A protective system that keeps many substances away from the CN. |
| What is metabolism/ biotransformation? | The process by which drugs are changed into new chemicals that can be excreted. |
| What is the primary site of drug metabolism? | Liver. |
| What is the significance of the cytochrome P450 system? | It is an important enzyme system involved in drug metabolism. |
| What is excretion and what is the main route? | Removal of drugs from the body; the kidneys |
| What do BUN and creatinine tell the nurse? What is BUN? | Blood Urea Nitrogen. Increased values can indicate diminished kidney capacity. |
| What is pharmacodynamics? | The study of the effects of drugs on the body. |
| What is the difference between an agonist, partial agonist, and antagonist? | Agonist activates receptors; partial agonist produces moderate activity; antagonist prevents receptor activation/ blocks response. |
| Potency vs. maximal efficacy? | Potency= amount needed to produce a response. maximal efficacy= point where increasing the dose no longer increases the desired therapeutic response. |
| What is critical concentration? | Amount of drug needed to cause a therapeutic effect |
| What is therapeutic range/ window? | Range of doses that produces a therapeutic response without significant adverse effects. |
| Peak level vs. trough level? | Peak= highest plasma concentration and reflects absorption; trough= lowest plasma concentration and reflects elimination. Aminoglycosides require both. |
| What is half life and why is it important? | The time required for a drug concentration to decrease by half; it helps determine dosing and how long a drug remains in the body. |
| What is steady state? | When the amt of drug administered equals the amount eliminated; it is necessary for optimal therapeutic benefit. |
| What is loading dose and why is it given? | A higher initial dose used to reach critical concentration sooner and produce a more immediate effect. |
| Side effect | predictable secondary effect |
| ADR | unexpected/unintentional reaction at normal dosage |
| Toxicity | drug level exceeds therapeutic range |
| Tolerance | decreased responsiveness over time; requires higher dose |
| ADPIE Nursing Process | Administration, Diagnosis, Planning, Implementation, Evaluation |
| Steps of medication administration | preadministration, administration, postadministration. |
| Why are salicylates administered? | Mild-moderate pain, fever, and inflammatory conditions. |
| What is the common salicylate? | Aspirin |
| What is aspirin's mechanism of action | Inhibits prostaglandin synthesis, blocks pyrogens at the hypothalamus, and inhibits platelet aggregation by blocking thromboxane A2. |
| What are the major adverse effects of aspirin? | GI upset/bleeding, dizziness, tinnitus, acidosis, salicylism/toxicity, and Reye's syndrome in children/adolescent with viral illness. |
| What are important aspirin contraindications/ cautions? | Salicylate/NSAID allergy, bleeding abnormalities, impaired renal function, chickenpox/influenza, and surgery/invasive procedures within 1 week. |
| What is Reye's syndrome and why is aspirin important? | A rare, serious condition causing sudden liver and brain dysfunction, associated particularly with children/teens with viral illness who receive aspirin. |
| Why are NSAIDs administered? | Anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antipyretic effects. |
| What is a common NSAID? | Ibuprofen |
| What is the mechanism of action of NSAIDs? | Block COX-1 and COX-2, decreasing prostaglandin synthesis. |
| What are the major effects of blocking COX-1? | Decreased fever, but can cause sodium retention/edema/ increased BP and GI erosion/bleeding. |
| What are the major effects of blocking COX-2? | Decreased pain/inflammation, but can increase cardiovascular risks. |
| WHat is the major NSAID black box warning? | Cardiovascular risks and GI bleeding. |
| Major NSAID adverse effects? | GI bleeding, renal impairment, cardiovascular events, and serious skin reactions. |
| What are important NSAID precautions/contradictions? | NSAID/salicylate allergy, cardiovascular dysfunction/hypertension, GI bleeding/peptic ulcer, renal/hepatic dysfunction, pregnancy/lactation. |
| What drugs/substances increase bleeding risk with NSAIDs? | Anticoagulants, alcohol, glucocorticoids, ginkgo biloba, garlic, and ginger. |
| What major kidney concerns exist with NSAIDS? | They can all contribute to acute kidney insufficiency. |
| What should the nurse teach a client taking NSAIDS? | Report GI bleeding, cardiovascular symptoms, renal problems, and serious skin reactions; understand important interaction risks. |
| What is acetaminophen used for? | Pain and fever |
| What is the mechanism of action of acetaminophen for fever? | Acts directly on the hypothalamus to cause vasodilation and sweating. Its analgesic mechanism is not identified in the slides. |
| What is the major toxicity of acetaminophen? | Hepatotoxicity, potentially leading to death. |
| What is the antidote for acetaminophen toxicity? | Acetylcysteine |
| What clients require particular caution with acetaminophen? | Clients with hepatic dysfunction or chronic alcoholism; allergies and pregnancy. |
| Why is acetaminophen overdose easy to accidentally cause? | It is OTC and found in many combination products |
| Why are antigout/ hyperuricemia agents administered? | To decrease inflammation or lower blood uric acid levels. |
| What are 2 common antigout/hyperuricemia medications? | Colchicine and allopurinol. |
| What is colchicine used for? | Acute gout arthritis and Familial Mediterranean fever |
| What is allopurinol's mechanism of action? | Inhibits xanthine oxidase, reducing conversion of xanthine to uric acid. |
| What is an important allopurinol safety concern? | Stop/discontinue if rash or other signs of allergic reaction occur. |
| What is the allopurinol-warfarin interaction? | Allopurinol may slow warfarin metabolism and increase bleeding risk; monitor PT/INR. |
| What increases colchicine toxicity risk? | Renal/hepatic disease and concurrent P-gp/CYP3A4 inhibitors. |
| What is the purpose of immunization/ vaccination? | Artificially stimulate active immunity by exposing the body to weakened/less toxic proteins associated with disease-causing organisms, producing an immune response without the full disease. |
| What is the difference between active and passive immunity? | Active: the body produced antibodies in response to foreign proteins. Passive: preformed antibodies are provided. |
| What is the difference between natural and artificial immunity? | Know the 4: natural active, artificial active ( vaccine), natural passive (maternal antibodies), and artificial passive ( preformed antibodies). |
Created by:
camigroce