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Regional Anatomy
Anatomy
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Anatomy | Study of structure of individual body organs and their relationship to one another |
| Physiology | Study of the functions of body systems |
| Cytology | Study of cells |
| Histology | Study of tissues |
| Gross Anatomy | Structure that can be seen with unaided eye |
| Comparative anatomy | comparing anatomy of differing species |
| Developmental anatomy | changes in structure within an individual throughout life |
| Embryology | prebirth anatomy/a subset of developmental anatomy |
| Regional Anatomy | Examines all the structures in a particular region of the body as one unit |
| Surface Anatomy | Examines superficial anatomic markings and internal body structures as they relate to the skin covering them |
| Palpation | using hands to locate structures by touch |
| Auscultation | Listening to sounds produced by structure |
| Systemic anatomy | the gross anatomy of each individual organ system of the body |
| Integumentary System | Provides protection, regulates body temperature, prevents water loss, synthesizes vitamin D, and is the sit of cutaneous receptors |
| Muscular System | produces body movement and generates heat with muscle contraction |
| Skeletal System | Provides support and protection, stores calcium and phosphorus, is the site of hemopoiesis and provides the site for muscle attachment |
| Nervous System | controls body movement, responds to sensory stimuli, regulates/controls other body systems, responsible for consciousness, intelligence and memory |
| Respiratory system | responsible for gas exchange |
| Cardiovascular system | distribute hormones, nutrients, gasses and waste products |
| Lymphatic system | transports and filters interstitial fluid through lymph vessels, initiates immune response |
| Digestive System | chemical and mechanical digestion of food, absorption of nutrients and expels waste products |
| Male reproductive system | produce male sex cells and hormones, transfers sperm to female |
| Female reproductive system | produces female sex cells and hormones, receives sperm from male, site of fertilization of oocyte, site of growth and development of fetus and production of breast milk |
| Urinary system | filters blood, concentrates waste as urine and expels it from the body |
| Endocrine system | consists of glands and clusters of cells that secrete hormones to regulate/control other body systems |
| Pathologic Anatomy | examines all anatomic changes resulting from disease |
| Radiographic Anatomy | examines the relationships of internal structures visualized by specific medical imaging procedures |
| Surgical Anatomy | examines anatomic landmarks as they relate to surgical procedures, such as palpable bone markings |
| Anatomic position | standing upright, feet parallel and flat on floor, head level looking towards observer, arms on either side of body, palms facing outward, thumbs pointing away from body |
| Supine position | lying face up |
| Prone position | lying face down |
| Plane | Imaginary line |
| Coronal Place | divides posterior and anterior |
| Transverse Section/Cross-sectional plane/Axial Plane | horizontal plane, divides superior and inferior |
| Midsagittal/ Median Plane | Divides evenly down center of face/body, into left and right portions |
| Parasagittal | Divides into unequal left and right portions |
| Longitudinal Sections | cutting parallel to the long axis of the organ |
| Cross sections | cutting perpendicular to the long axis of the organ. The lumen (central space) is a circularl shape |
| Oblique sections | cutting tissues at an angle, the lumen will be an oval |
| Tangential sections | grazing the surface of structure, hollow structures may appear solid |
| Anterior | the front surface |
| Posterior | back surface |
| Dorsal | back side of human body/trunk |
| Ventral | front side of human body/trunk |
| Superior | Closer to head |
| Inferior | closer to feet |
| Cranial/Cephalic | Near head |
| Caudal | at rear/tail end |
| rostral | towards nose or mouth |
| medical | towards midline of body |
| lateral | away from midline of body |
| ipsilateral | on the same side |
| contralateral | on the opposite side |
| proximal | closest to point of attachment to trunk |
| distal | furthest point of attachment to trunk |
| Pleura Membrane | Around lungs |
| Pericardium membrane | around heart |
| Peritoneum membrane | around intraperitoneal organs in abdominal cavity |
| Serious membranes | have a parietal (around internal surface of body wall)and visceral (covering organ surface) layer, and create serous fluid (lubricating) into a potential space between layers called the serous cavity |
| Land right midclavicular/midinguinal lines | vertical planes |
| Transpyloric plane | passes through pylorus of the stomach |
| Subcostal plane | the inferior border of the 10th rib |
| supracistal plane | passing through highest point of illiac crest |
| transtuburcular/intertuburcular plane | passing through iliac tubercles |
| Right upper quadrant | liver and gallbladder |
| right lower quadrant | cecum and appendix |
| left upper quadrant | stomach and spleen |
| left lower quadrant | sigmoid colon of large intestine |
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