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PATHO chap 1.
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| disease | deviation from normal struction |
| homeostasis | stable internal environment maintained regardless of external changes |
| primary prevention | protect people BEFORE a disease is developed ex. education about nutrition, immunizations, exams and screenings for risk factors |
| secondary prevention | prevent a disease from progressing. already dianosed ex. low dose aspirin to prevent heart attacks, exams for those with risk factors |
| tertiary prevention | make things more comfortable for someone with chronic conditions. Maximize quality of life ex. pain management, rehab programs |
| steps of research | basic science --> human tests --> clinical trial |
| occurance of a disease | tracked by incidence and prevalance |
| incidence of a disease | recent new cases of a pop during a time period |
| prevalance of a disease | new and old cases (always bigger) |
| epidemics vs pandemics | epidemic --> higher than normal in given area pandemic --> around the world |
| atrophy | cells shrink in size ex. reduced use of tissue, insufficient nutrition, aging |
| hypertrophy | increased size ex. working out |
| hyperplasia | increased number of cells ex. uterus during preg |
| metaplasia | new cell type takes over for another cell type ex. stratified squam replaces cilliated columnar epithelium in cig smokers throats |
| dysplasia | cells vary in size and shape, rate of mitosis is increased ex. chronic irritaion infection or precancer |
| anaplasia | cells that are undifferentiated with variable nuclear and cell structures with numerous mitotid figures. How aggressive a tumor is is based off of this ex. malignant tumors |
| neoplasia | new growth aka tumor |
| apoptosis | programmed cell death. ex. cell develops abnormally, numbers are excessive, are injured or aged |
| necrosis | death of one or more cells or a portion of tissue or organ as a result of irreversable damage and not a programmed cellular event |
| ischemia | decreased supply of oxygenated blood to a tissue or organ |
| causes of cell injuries | physical agents damage toxins microorganisms metabolites nutritional defecits imbalance of fluid or electrolytes |
| hypoxia | reduced oxygen in the tissue |
| anaerobic metabolism | leads to decrease in pH from buildup of lactic acid and further metabolic impairment |
| exogenous | outside the body |
| endogenous | inside the body |
| microorganisms | living organisms too small to be seen with the naked eye |
| pyroptosis | results in the lysis of a cell that releases destructive lysosomal enzymes into the tissue, causing inflammation |
| cell damage stages | initial cell damage causes an alteration in metabolic reaction which leads to a loss of function from the cell. |
| morphologic | structural change |
| liquefication necrosis | liquify because of enzymes ex. brain tissues, ulcers |
| coagulative necrosis | cell proteins are altered or denatured ex. myocardial infarction |
| fat necrosis | fatty tissue is broken down into fatty acids in the presence of infection or certain enzymes |
| caseous necrosis | cheesy substance ex. tuberculosis |
| infarction | an area of dead cells resulting from a lack of oxygen |
| gangrene | necrotic tissue, lack or loss of blood supply that is followed by invasion of bacteria |
| dry gangrene | coagulative, shrinks dries blackens |
| wet gangrene | liquification, cold swolen black |
Created by:
jojojackson