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Science Unit 1 SKG
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Prokaryotes do not contain | Nuclei |
| Eukaryotes contain | Nuclei |
| Prokaryotes and eukaryotes both contain | A cell membrane, cytoplasm |
| All bacteria are | Prokaryotes |
| Single cell | Prokaryotes |
| Cell membranes | Monitors what enters and exits the cell |
| Cytoplasm | Gel-like material inside the cell membrane containing all organelles except nucleus |
| Cytosol | Contains dissolved ions, small molecules, and proteins |
| Cytoskeleton | Network of protein filaments that helps the cell maintain shape and is involved in cell movement. |
| Microfilaments | Long, thin strands that help a cell move and provide a tough framework for the cell |
| Microtubules | Hollow tubes by which organelles can move from one part of a cell to another |
| Ribosomes | Made of rRNA and protein and found in Rough ER |
| Nucleus | A large structure that contains the cell’s genetic material and controls the cell’s activities |
| Nucleolus | Found in the nucleus, builds rRNA to make ribosomes |
| Endoplasmic Reticulum | Used as intracellular highway! Molecules move through the cell by the ER. All of the folds create channels and connections for molecules to move. |
| Rough ER | Studded with ribosomes; exports proteins and sends them to cytoplasm |
| Smooth ER | No ribosomes. Helps in lipid production and breakdown of toxic substances |
| Prokaryotes don't have | Mitochondria, the endoplasmic reticulum, vacuoles, or the Golgi apparatus |
| Mitochondria | Involved in cellular respiration- turning carbohydrates into energy |
| Golgi Apparatus | Attaches carbohydrates and lipids to proteins, and the new proteins are “packaged” in new vesicles |
| Vesicles | (small transport sacs) carry proteins from Rough E.R. to Golgi for processing/modification. |
| Cell Wall | Cell Walls provide extra support and protection |
| Do animals have cell walls? | No |
| Chloroplast | Converts the sun’s light energy into chemical energy during photosynthesis |
| Why are chloroplast green? | Contains chlorophyll (green pigment) |
| Vacuole | Storage container filled with food, water or waste. Found in all eukaryotic cells (plants and animals). |
| Lysosomes | Small organelles filled with digestive enzymes |
| Cilia | Short hair-like projection; produces movement in many cells |
| Flagella | Whip-like structure on some cells that is used for movement |
| Centrioles | Tiny structures located in the cytoplasm of animal cells near the nuclear envelope, play a role in cell division. |
| Water is what kind of molecule | Polar molecule |
| Why is water a polar molecule | It is polar because there is an uneven distribution of electrons between the oxygen and hydrogen atoms. |
| The hydrogen end is positive and the oxygen end is negative. | |
| Water molecules adhere to each other using WEAK hydrogen bonds. | |
| Cohesion | Water molecules are attracted to other water molecules. |
| Cohesion causes surface tension, meaning... | This means water is able to resist rupturing when under pressure; creates a “film” on top of the water |
| Adhesion | Water molecules are attracted to different molecules |
| Capillary Action | |
| Water has a high specific heat capacity and a high heat of vaporization | |
| Why does ice become less dense | Because its molecules lock into an open, six-sided crystal shape. This fixed pattern holds the water molecules farther apart than they are in liquid water. Because the same amount of weight takes up more space, the ice expands and floats. |
| Water = “Universal” Solvent, dissolves ALMOST anything (Not lipids) | |
| Solutions | Are composed mostly of water Ex: Salt Water |
| Solute | The substance being dissolved Ex: salt |
| Solvent | The substance in which the solute dissolves Ex: water |
| Water cannot dissolve | Lipids |
| Buffer | Weak acids or bases that can react with strong acids and bases to change the pH |
| Macromolecules are usually | Polymers |
| Macrmolecules built by smaller units called | Monomers |
| Dehydration Synthesis | When monomers are joined together to form larger molecules (polymers) |
| Hydrolysis | Where water is added to break down a larger molecule (polymer) into smaller molecules (monomers) |
| Carbs are | Monomers/Monosaccharides |
| Most common monosaccharides | Glucose, fructose, galactose |
| Disaccharide | Two monosaccharides bonded together |
| Examples of disaccharides | Glucose and fructose |
| Polysaccharides | More than two monosaccharide bonded together |
| Elements that make up carbs | CH2O |
| Elements that make up lipids | CHO (A lot of H) |
| Carbohydrates - FUNCTION | Main source of immediate energy for living things |
| Lipids (fats and oils) - FUNCTION | Used to store energy; Some lipids are important parts of biological membranes and waterproof coverings & insulation. |
| Saturated fat | (solid at room temp) |
| Unsaturated fat | (liquid at room temp) |
| Amino Acids are monomers for | Protein |
| Proteins contain the elements | CHON sometimes sulfur |
| Enzymes are proteins | |
| Many amino acids bonded together with peptide bonds | |
| Nucleic acids have monomers called | Nucleotide |
| Nucleic acids contain the elements | CHONP |
| DNA and RNA | NUCLEIC ACID - EXAMPLES |
| All enzymes are catalyst | |
| Not all catalyst are enzymes | |
| Catalyst | Any substance that speeds up a chemical reaction without being used up. |
| Enzyme | An enzyme is a specific type of catalyst made by living things, usually a large protein, that speeds up reactions in the body. |
| Enzymes are | Proteins |
| Active site is the area when | Substract is binded with the enzyme |
| The shape of the active site only fits the shape of the substrate, like a key | |
| Acids (pH) - A change in the pH of the enzyme can cause a change in the shape of the active site, therefore changing the activity of the enzyme. | |
| As enzymes increase, reaction rate increase, exponentially decay mirror across x-axis (x is enzyme, y is reaction rate) |
Created by:
gunn135h4nn0n