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PGH
MAMMO/PANO
| Definition | Term |
|---|---|
| an examination of breast using low energy x-rays to demonstrate details of breast tissue as to visualize particularly the presence of calcifications in the soft tissue masses enabling the early detection of breast cancer | Mammography |
| Factors of having BRCA | Gender Age Family History Hormones Radiation Pregnancy Prior Cancers Dietary Factors |
| A non-neoplastic enlargement of the male breast usually appear at the subareolar region. | Gynecomastia |
| A common type of breast cancer that starts in cells that line the milk ducts, which carry breast milk to the nipple. | Ductal Carcinoma |
| Benign tumors in the breast. | Fibroadenomas |
| Deposits of calciums | Calcifications |
| A benign tumor made up of fatty tissue. | Lipomas |
| Inflammation of the mammary gland due to infection. | Mastitis |
| Small fluid filled sacs | Cysts |
| Formulated by American College of Radiology to create uniform system of assessing mammography results | Breast Imaging – Reporting and Data System (BIRADS) |
| WHAT CATEGORY OF BIRADS? - Additional imaging evaluation and/or comparison to prior mammograms is needed. - X-ray assessment is incomplete | Category 0 |
| WHAT CATEGORY OF BIRADS? - Negative - X-ray assessment is complete | Category 1 |
| WHAT CATEGORY OF BIRADS? - Benign (non-cancerous) finding | Category 2 |
| WHAT CATEGORY OF BIRADS? - Probably benign finding – Follow up in a short time frame is suggested | Category 3 |
| WHAT CATEGORY OF BIRADS? - Suspicious abnormality - Consider biopsy | Category 4 |
| WHAT CATEGORY OF BIRADS? - Highly suggestive of malignancy - Appropriate action should be taken (biopsy or surgical consultation) | Category 5 |
| WHAT CATEGORY OF BIRADS? - Known biopsy-proven malignancy - Appropriate action should be taken (pre-treatment or staging evaluation) | Category 6 |
| MAMMOGRAPHY MACHINE MAIN PARTS | 1. Tubestand (Gantry and C-arm) 2. Gantry 3. C-arm (Tube Arm and Compression Arm) 4. Tube Arm 5. Compression Arm |
| TYPES OF SCREENING PADDLES | - 18x24 cm Small breast paddle - 24x30 cm Axilla paddle - Spot Compression Paddle - Spot Mag Paddle - Magnification Stand - Perforated localization paddle - Rectangular opening perforating paddle - Magnification localization paddle |
| PREPARATIONS - The best time to get a mammogram is one week after the last day of ____________________. | menstruation |
| PREPARATIONS - Do not wear deodorant, talcum powder, perfume or lotion under arms or on breasts on the day of the exam. These can appear on the x-ray film as ____________ spot. | calcium |
| CLINICAL DATA OF PATIENTS | - Age (40 y/o Baseline Mammography) - Menstrual Status (Last menstruation period) - Previous surgeries (Hysterectomy and Oophorectomy) - Medications - Previous BR surgeries and biopsies |
| CLINICAL DATA OF PATIENTS (BREAST ASSESSMENT) | - PAIN - PALPABLE - NIPPLE DISCHARGE - FAMILY HISTORY |
| Mammograms are used as a __________ tool to detect early breast cancer in women experiencing no symptoms. It can also be used to detect and diagnose breast disease in women experiencing symptoms such as a ____, _____or _______ ___________. | screening : lump, pain or nipple discharge |
| WHAT TYPE OF MAMMOGRAPHY? - Used to detect breast changes in women who have no sign, or symptom, or observable breast anomalies. | Screening Mammography |
| WHAT TYPE OF MAMMOGRAPHY? - The goal is to detect cancer before any clinical signs are noticeable. - At least two mammograms from different angles of each breast. | Screening Mammography |
| WHAT TYPE OF MAMMOGRAPHY? - To investigate suspicious breast changes, such as: a breast lump, breast pain, an unusual skin appearance, nipple thickening or nipple discharge | Diagnostic Mammography |
| WHAT TYPE OF MAMMOGRAPHY? - Also used to evaluate abnormal findings on a screening mammogram. Additional images can be made from other angles or focus on areas of concern at higher magnification. | Diagnostic Mammography |
| WHY USE COMMPRESSION? - The goal of mammogram is to get the clearest possible image of the breast tissue, while using the least amount of x-ray dose to get the best image because: | Less motion Spreads out breast tissue Lesser radiation dose Reduce scattered radiation |
| In positioning patients for a routine screening mammogram, the following views are considered standard for the exam: | Craniocaudal (CC) Mediolateral oblique (MLO) |
| CRANIOCAUDAL (CC) - Stand behind or at the ______ side of breast being positioned - Patients feet ______ toward the bucky - Elevate ____________ _____ | medial : straight : inframammary fold |
| CRANIOCAUDAL (CC) - Elevate bucky-not quite as high as elevated ____ - Turn the patient’s head to the side _______ to that being x-rayed - Place breast on the ______ | IMF : opposite : bucky |
| CRANIOCAUDAL (CC) - Have patient lean into bucky as breast is being placed on bucky chest _______ - ________ must be at the center - _____ breast tissue toward nipple as compression is applied | forward : Nipple : Pull |
| CRANIOCAUDAL (CC) - Remove skin _______ without removing tissue from image - Have patient hold onto bar with ________ arm - Check for and remove any ________ from face, shoulder, etc. | folding : opposite : shadows |
| CRANIOCAUDAL (CC) - Elevating the breast too high – ??? - Too low the breast droops – ??? | - loss of inferior and posterior tissue - eliminates superior and posterior tissue |
| CRANIOCAUDAL (CC) - CR ______ - Film tray to height of _____ crease - ____ in profile - ____ and folds smoothed out - Compression applied - Markers on _____ side | perpendicular : inframammary : Nipple : Wrinkles : axillary |
| Criteria Summary for CRANIOCAUDAL (CC) - No ____ - Nipple in profile - All pertinent ____ demonstrated - Tissue thickness distributed ____ | motion : anatomy : evenly |
| Criteria Summary for CRANIOCAUDAL (CC) - ____ areas penetrated - High ___ and optimal resolution - Absence of _____ - Marker and _______ visible | Dense : contrast : artifacts : patient ID |
| MEDIOLATERAL OBLIQUE (MLO) - Rotate the gantry 45 ̊ and stand the patient with her _______ wall adjacent to the bucky edge - The patient’s hand on the side being imaged should be resting on the ___________ | lateral : handlebar |
| MEDIOLATERAL OBLIQUE (MLO) - Rotate the patient toward the _________ _______ so that the edge of the cassette holder replaces your hand in maintaining the breast and muscle in its mobilized position | cassette holder |
| MEDIOLATERAL OBLIQUE (MLO) - Hold the breast up and out, away from the chest wall to prevent ___________ of tissue - Make sure that __________ ____ and _____ is included - Begin to apply ____________ | overlapping : axillary area and IMF : compression |
| MEDIOLATERAL OBLIQUE (MLO) - The upper corner of the compression paddle should be just below the _________ while moving your hand out of the field | clavicle |
| MEDIOLATERAL OBLIQUE (MLO) - Continue to support the ________ aspect of the breast with your hand until there is enough compression to maintain the breast in this position | anterior |
| MEDIOLATERAL OBLIQUE (MLO) - CR and Cassette (IR) angled ≈ ___ - Top of Cassette (IR) at _____ - Compression applied - _______ in profile - Marker at _____ | 45° : axilla : Nipple : axilla |
| Criteria Summary for MEDIOLATERAL OBLIQUE (MLO) - No _______ - _________ _______ to level of nipple visualized - Breast pulled away from ______ _____ - _______ in profile | motion : Pectoral muscle : chest wall : Nipple |
| Criteria Summary for MEDIOLATERAL OBLIQUE (MLO) - _____ areas penetrated - High contrast and optimal ___________ - Absence of _______ - _______ and patient ID visible | Dense : resolution : artifacts : Marker |
| DIAGNOSTIC AND ADDITIONAL PROJECTIONS | - Spot Compression - Magnification (0.1 focal spot, 1 1/2-2 times enlargement) - Lateral (LM or ML) - Cleavage - Tangential (TAN) - Axillary Tail (AT) - Rolled (RL and RM) - Superolateral to Inferomedial Oblique (SIO) - Caudocranial (reverse CC) |
| LATERAL - Dense areas adequately penetrated - ____ in profile - May see _______ muscle - No artifacts - No ______ - Marker and patient ID visible | Nipple : pectoral : motion |
| EXAGGERATED CRANIOCAUDAL (XCCL) - Same evaluation criteria as CC projection - _______ aspect of breast visualized - May see pectoral muscle - Nipple in profile - No motion - Marker and patient ID visible | Axillary |
| is a specialized mammography technique used to safely image breast tissue in patients who have breast implants | implant-displaced (ID) view, also called an Eklund view |
| - Pushing and Pulling: The technologist gently pushes the breast implant back toward the chest wall. 7 cm - Bringing Tissue Forward: The technologist pulls the natural breast tissue forward and over the displaced implant. 3.5 cm | Eklund technique |
| ____uses mammography and an injection of contrast material to create pictures of the inside of the breast's ___ _____. It is most commonly used when a woman has experienced a __/__ discharge from the breast nipple but has an otherwise normal .mammogram. | Galactography : milk ducts : bloody or clear |
| A procedure used to guide a surgical breast biopsy when the lump is difficult to locate. It is also used for areas that look suspicious on the mammogram but do not have a distinct lump. | Needle localization |
| the digital replacement of conventional X- ray film radiography and offers enormous advantages for inspection tasks - the use of consumables is virtually eliminated and the time to produce an image is drastically shortened. | Computed radiography (CR) |
| FULL FIELD DIGITAL MAMMOGRAPHY - A mammography system in which the X- ray film is replaced by ___ ____ _____ that convert X- rays into electrical signals. - These detectors are similar to those found in digital _______. | solid- state detectors : cameras The electrical signals are used to produce images of the breast that can be seen on a computer screen or printed on special film similar to conventional mammograms. |
| a newer breast imaging technology for breast cancer screening and detection that improves the visualization of breast tissue by supplementing conventional two- dimensional mammogram images with detailed image slices of breast tissue at different depths. | 3D mammography (also called breast tomosynthesis) |
| a specific type of breast imaging that uses low- dose x- rays - to help locate a breast abnormality and remove a tissue sample for examination under a microscope. | Stereotactic Biopsy |
| It's less invasive than surgical biopsy, leaves little to no scarring and can be an excellent way to evaluate calcium deposits or tiny masses that are not visible on ultrasound. | Stereotactic Biopsy |
| OTHER BIOPSY SYSTEMS | - Upright Stereotactic Biopsy - Upright Breast Biopsy Guidance System - Prone Table (Prone Biopsy System) - Specimen Radiography System |
| The simplest type of breast biopsy, using a very thin, hollow needle attached to a syringe to draw out fluid or small clusters of cells. Often used to check if a lump is a fluid-filled cyst or a solid mass. | Fine Needle Aspiration Biopsy (FNAB) |
| The standard and preferred method for diagnosing breast lumps, using a slightly larger, hollow needle to remove small, cylinder-shaped samples of solid tissue (about the size of a grain of rice). | Core Needle Biopsy (CNB) Used for masses felt during an exam/seen on imaging like an ultz, mammogram, or MRI. |
| Minimally invasive breast biopsy using a single probe insertion with a vacuum device to collect multiple large tissue samples without re-insertion. | Vacuum-Assisted Breast Biopsy Removes more tissue than CNB, provides excellent histology, effective for microcalcifications and small lesions, guided by stereotactic, ultrasound, or MRI, and leaves a titanium marker. |
| Target Filters | Aluminum (Al): 13 (commonly used as a filter in digital breast tomosynthesis systems) Copper (Cu): 29 Molybdenum (Mo): 42 Rhodium (Rh): 45 Silver (Ag): 47 |
| Design to test the performance of mammographic system’s image quality and sensitivity using target objects using the phantom to stimulate calcifications, fibrous calcifications in ducts and tumor masses | ACR Mammographic Accreditation Phantom |
Created by:
yulyae