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Unit 0 Psych Vocab
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Applied Research | scientific study designed to solve practical, real-world problems |
| Basic Research | scientific study aimed at increasing the knowledge base |
| Behaviorism | a theory that studies how people and animals learn and behave through interactions with their environment |
| Biological Approach | the literal study of parts of the brain, nervous system, and endocrine system, along with genetics, hormones, and psychological processes |
| Biopsychosocial Approach | model that considers the complex interactions between biological, psychological, and social factors |
| Clinical Psychology | focus on promoting psychological health in individuals, groups, and organizations - some specialize in specific disorders |
| Cognitive Approach | study of mental processes in the broadest sense - memory, thinking, perception, information, etc. |
| Counseling Psychology | focuses on helping people adjust to or make changes. Help people with adjustment rather than severe psychopathy |
| Dualism | Posits that the mind and body are separate entities, with the ming being non-physical and separate from the brain. |
| Educational Psychology | focuses on psychological processes involved in learning and it's relationship with social and physical environments |
| Eclecticism | ties together multiple perspectives to tailor care to ones needs |
| Empiricism | the idea that knowledge and understanding come primarily from experience and observation |
| Evolutionary Psychology | focus on the origins of the human mind and behavior |
| Functionalism | how mental processes and behaviors enable humans to adapt, survive, and function in their environments |
| Human Factors of Psychology | Focuses on working with designers and engineers to tailor appliances, machines, and work settings to our natural perceptions and inclinations |
| Humanistic Approach | focused on individual potential, personal growth, and inherent drive towards self-actualization |
| Industrial Organizational Psychology | focuses on the relationship between people and their work environments - ways to improve productivity, comfort, etc. |
| Introspection | to look within |
| Psychiatrist | focuses on treatment via medical doctors licensed to prescribe drugs and otherwise treat physical causes |
| Psychoanalytic Approach | how unconscious drives, conflicts, and early childhood experiences shape thoughts, behaviors, etc. |
| Psychology | the study of behavioral and mental processes |
| Case Study | focuses on a single person or group over a long time - oldest form of descriptive research, participants know it's happening |
| Measures of Central Tendency | statistical tools (mean, median, mode, etc.) that summarize a dataset |
| Cohort | a group of individuals sharing common characteristics |
| Confederate | an actor who pretends to be a study participant but actually works with the experimenter to manipulate outcomes |
| Confirmation Bias | the tendency to search for info that supports our perceptions and to ignore contradictory evidence |
| Confounding Variable | an extraneous factor correlating with both variables, making it hard to determine the true cause of an effect |
| Control Group | a baseline group not receiving experimental treatment or manipulation |
| Correlation Coefficient | a statistical measure between -1 and +1 that quantifies the relational direction between two variables |
| Correlation Study | examines the statistical relationship between 2 things without changing them - determines how and if they're associated |
| Cross-Sectional Design | research method that studies different groups at a single time to compare behaviors, characteristics, or outcomes |
| Debriefing | after an experiment when researchers explain its purpose, procedures, and deceptions, ensuring participants leave informed |
| Dependant Variable | the value that changes based on the changes done to the independent variable |
| Descriptive Statistics | numerical date used to measure and describe the characteristics of groups |
| Double-Blind Study | when both the experimenter and the participants do not know anything about the experiment |
| Experimental Group | the group receiving the treatment of the independent variable |
| Experiment | a controlled research method used to test casual relationships between variables by manipulating the independent variable |
| Experimenter Bias | the tendency for researchers to unintentionally influence results due to expectations belief, or actions |
| Frequency Distribution | a representation that shows how often each value or range of values occurs in a dataset |
| Hindsight Bias | tendency for people to view past events as having been more predictable than they were, leading to overconfidence |
| Hypothesis | a testable, falsifiable prediction about the relationship between two variables |
| illusory Correlation | when people believe 2 variables are connected, but they aren''t |
| Independent Variable | The value being manipulated in an experiment |
| Inferential Statistics | uses sample data to make inferences about a population |
| Informed Consent | the ethical process where participants voluntarily agree to a study after being fully informed about it |
| Longitudinal Design | research method where the same participants are studied over a long period of time to observe changes |
| Mean | the average number in a dataset |
| Median | the central number in a dataset |
| Mode | the most common number in a dataset |
| Naturalistic Observation | involves a systematic study of behavior in a natural setting rather than a lab. Participants cannot know they are being watched |
| Negative Correlation | a statistical increase in one variable leading to the decrease in another. Inverse association |
| Negatively Skewed Dstribution | tail on the left side of the graph is longer - most values concentrated on the higher end |
| Normal Distribution | bell shaped data with most of the numbers being concentrated around the mean |
| Operational Definition | a clear, measurable description of a variable or concept in a study, specifying how it will be observed, manipulated, and measured |
| P-value | a statistical measure used to determine the likelihood that an observed outcome is the result of chance |
| Percentile Rank | A measure indicating the percentile of scores that fall at or below a given value showing an individuals relative position compared to others |
| Placebo | feeling as if being in the experimental group while being in the control group |
| Population | all people in a group that a researcher aims to study |
| Positively Skewed Distribution | tail on the right is longer, meaning most numbers are on the low end |
| Positive Correlation | Increase in one variable leads to increase in another - direct association |
| Random Assignment | participants assigned to groups or conditions purely by chance - each person has an equal percent chance of being chosen |
| Random Sample | a subset of a population chosen purely by chance - every person has an equal percent chance of being chosen - represents the population fairly |
| Random Selection | the PROCESS of choosing participants and ensuring they have an equal percent chance of being chosen |
| Range | a measure of variability in a dataset - the difference between the highest and lowest values in a dataset |
| Replication | repetition of a research study, often with different settings or participants to ensure reliability and validity |
| Scatterplot | graphical representation o fthe relationship between 2 variables 0 individual tata points plotted on an X-Y axis to visually display trends |
| Single-Blind Study | participants are unaware of whether or not they are receiving the treatment - reduces bias |
| Standard Deviation | a statistical measure that qualifies the amount of variation in a dataset - how much values deviate from the mean |
| Statistical Significance | how likely it is that an obtained result occurred by chance and if it truly represents the overall population |
| Survey | collecting data from a sample through structured questions to gather information about behaviors, opinions, or characteristics |
| Theory | an organized exploration of a phenomenon supported by evidence that helps predict and understand behavior or events |
Created by:
aspringer6