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A&P Ch. 1/Biology
A&P Vocabulary
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Anatomy | Describes locations, appearances, and relationships of body parts to one another |
| Physiology | Study of how the body functions |
| Anatomical Position | Person standing upright, facing observer with arms at sides, toes/palms turned forward |
| Superior | (Cranial) Towards the upper part of the body |
| Inferior | (Caudal) Towards the lower part of the body |
| Anterior | (Ventral) Towards the front of the body |
| Posterior | (Dorsal) Towards the back of the body |
| Medial | Towards the midline |
| Lateral | Away from the midline |
| Superficial | (External) Out towards the surface |
| Deep | (Internal) Inward from the surface |
| Proximal | Towards a structure's origin or point of attachment to the trunk |
| Distal | Away from the structure's origin or point of attachment to the trunk |
| Body Plains | Imaginary flat surfaces that divide the body into parts |
| Sagittal | Divides the body into left and right portions |
| Frontal | Divides the body into front and back portions |
| Horizontal | (Transverse) Divides the body into top and bottom portions |
| Abdominal | Pertains to the anterior body trunk region inferior to the ribs |
| Axillary | Armpit |
| Brachial | Upper Arm |
| Buccal | Cheek |
| Cervical | Neck (first seven vertebra) |
| Cubital | Wrist (eight cube-shaped bones) |
| Femoral | Thigh |
| Flank | Side between hip and rib |
| Groin | Area between rib and thigh |
| Orbital | Eye |
| Pubic | Genital Region |
| Thoracic | Chest |
| Umbilical | Naval (belly button) |
| Calf | Posterior part of lower leg |
| Deltoid | Curve of the shoulder formed by large muscle |
| Gluteal | Buttock |
| Lumbar | Area of the back between ribs and hips |
| Occipital | Posterior surface of the head |
| Popliteal | Posterior knee area |
| Scapular | Shoulder blade region |
| Dorsal Cavity | Cranial & Spinal Cavities |
| Ventral Cavity | Thoracic & Abdominal Cavities |
| Cranial Cavitiy | Skull |
| Spinal Cavity | Spinal Cord |
| Thoracic Cavity | Lungs, esophagus, heart (upper portion) |
| Abdominal Cavity | Kidneys, spleen, digestive organs, bladder, rectum, reproductive organs (below diaphragm) |
| Chemical Level | Atoms, ions, molecules |
| Cellular Level | Smallest living part of the body |
| Tissue | Similar cells that combine to perform a common function (four types) |
| Organ | Two or more tissues designed to perform a general function |
| System | Two or more organs that perform a general function (nine types) |
| Integumentary | (Skin) Protects underlying structures and fluid levels |
| Skeletal | Bone, cartilage, joints |
| Skeletal | Provides support, protection, and movement |
| Muscular | Movement (three types) |
| Nervous | Brain, spinal cord, nerves |
| Nervous | Reacts to environment, coordinates body activities, and thoughts |
| Endocrine | Keeps body "even" by releasing hormones |
| Endocrine | Pituitary, thyroid, adrenal, pancreas, gonads |
| Cardiovascular | Transports material around the body |
| Cardiovascular | Heart, arteries, veins |
| Lymphatic | Removes dead cells and foreign bodies from body fluids |
| Lymphatic | Spleen, thymus, tonsils, lymph nodes. and vessels |
| Respiratory | Provides oxygen and rids the body of carbon dioxide |
| Respiratory | Larynx, trachea, lungs, bronchi |
| Digestive | Breaks down food so it can be absorbed |
| Digestive | Esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, salivary glands, pancreas, liver |
| Urinary | Removes waste from bloodstream and maintains water/salt balance in blood stream |
| Urinary | Kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra |
| Reproductive | Provides for the production of new individual |
| Reproductive | Testes, urethra, penis, ovaries, uterus, vagina |
| Organism | All systems must function correctly for it to survive and reproduce |
| Extracellular Environment | Area surrounding cell |
| Extracellular Environment | Provides support to the cell |
| Plasma | Found within blood vessels and heart chambers |
| Plasma | Provides a liquid medium for the transport of material in the blood |
| Interstitial Fluid | Located between cells |
| Interstitial Fluid | Provides a pathway for substances moving to and from neighboring cells |
| Matrix | Interstitial Fluid with proteins in it |
| Matrix | Dense liquid that provides support, but doesn't allow materials to leak through |
| Intracellular Environment | Area inside cell |
| Plasma/Cell Membrane | Membrane separating the cell from extracellular environment |
| Plasma/Cell Membrane Structure | Made of lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates |
| Plasma/Cell Membrane Width | 1/1,000,000 inches thick |
| Microvilli | Finger-like projections that increase surface area so more things can be absorbed (digestive system) |
| Cilia | Longer projections |
| Cilia | Moves materials over cell surface (found often in respiratory track) |
| Flagellum | Single long projectile that provides propulsion for sperm cells |
| Plasma/Cell Membrane Function | Physical barrier between cell and outside world |
| Plasma/Cell Membrane Function | Regulates passage of material in and out of cell which helps maintain homeostasis |
| Diffusion | Molecules move from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration until equilibrium occurs |
| Diffusion | Movement of carbon dioxide or oxygen to/from cells to blood stream |
| Osmosis | Movement of water across a barrier leaving solutes behind. |
| Isotonic | Concentration between two areas is the same |
| Hypertonic | Solute concentration inside is higher than outside |
| Hypertonic | Cell releases water to reach equilibrium |
| Hypertonic | Cell will dehydrate and shrink |
| Hypertonic | Crenation |
| Hypotonic | Solute concentration inside is higher than outside |
| Hypotonic | Cell will take in water |
| Hypotonic | Cell will swell and may burst |
| Hypotonic | Lysis |
| Filtration | Passive process that forces water and smaller solutes through membrane pores |
| Filtration | Occurs between small vessels and surrounding tissues (water and dissolved nutrients) |
| Filtration | Essential in production of urine |
| Active Transport | Uses energy from ATP to push ions or molecules against concentration gradient |
| Active Transport | Regulates cell homeostasis |
| Vesicular Transport | Movement of material into or out of the cells in vesicles (small sac) |
| Endocytosis | Importing materials into the cells |
| Pinocytosis | "cell drinking" |
| Pinocytosis | Membrane folds around droplet of extracellular fluid |
| Phagocytosis | "cell eating" |
| Phagocytosis | Plasma membrane extends extends, engulfs, and swallows a solid object like bacteria, debris, or abnormal materials |
| Phagocytosis | Performed only by specialized cells (white blood cells) |
| Exocytosis | Vesicle created inside the cell discharges a product to the extracellular environment |
| Secretion | Something good released |
| Excretion | Something bad released |
| Cytoplasm | Thick gel-like substance inside the cell that cushions organelles |
| Organelle | Structure in the cell that serves a specific purpose |
| Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) | Series of branching and rejoining hollow tubes |
| Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) | Transports newly made molecules |
| Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) | Contains an enzyme to help in protein and fat production |
| Rough ER | Has round nodes called ribosomes |
| Rough ER | Helps make proteins and found a lot in white blood cells |
| Smooth ER | No ribosomes and found a lot in liver cells |
| Smooth ER | Helps make lipids and carbohydrates |
| Golgi Apparatus | Found near nucleus and made of flattened disc shaped sacks |
| Golgi Apparatus | Processes proteins to make them ready to leave the cell during secretion |
| Golgi Apparatus | Helps protein and carbohydrates combine to form new plasma membrane |
| Golgi Apparatus | Forms secretory vesicles and cells that excrete a lot of things like hormones and antibodies have a lot of them |
| Mitochondria | "Powerhouse" of the cell, spherical or sausage-shaped |
| Mitochondria | Double membrane important in using oxygen to break down food to release energy for ATP formation |
| Mitochondria | Contains its own DNA so it can duplicate itself and muscles cells have a lot of them so they can duplicate themselves and produce more energy during times of great need |
| Lysosomes | Spherical, randomly distributed throughout the cytoplasm |
| Lysosomes | "Digestive system of the cell" - removes damaged organelles or pathogens within cells and helps recycle its own cell when it dies |
| Peroxisomes | Spherical, random, and detoxifies molecules |
| Cytoskeleton | Located within cytoplasm, but not an organelle |
| Cytoskeleton | Proteins that provide structural support |
| Microtubules | Hollow tubes that help give cell support |
| Microfilaments | Thin, thread-like, arranged in bundles |
| Microfilaments | Aids in cellular movement (muscle cells) |
| Nucleus | Control center of cellular operations like metabolism and protein synthesis |
| Nucleus | Determines both structure and function of the cells |
| Nucleolus | Dense region in nucleus containing DNA and RNA |
| Nucleolus | Synthesizes RNA |
| Mitosis | Identical replication of cell using DNA replication |
| Mitosis | Tissue growth |
| Meiosis | Replication coming from two different cells sharing DNA information (sexual reproduction) |
| Carbohydrate | Sugars and starches |
| Carbohydrate | Used as an instant fuel or food reserve |
| Carbohydrate | Monosaccharide, disaccharide, polysaccharide |
| Lipid | Fats/triglycerides |
| Lipids | Storage molecule for energy in the body |
| Protein | 10 to 30% of cell mass |
| Amino Acids | Build muscles |
| Enzymes | Speeds up chemical reactions in the body |
| Protein | Amino Acids & Enzymes |
| Nucleic Acid | Determines the structure and function of cell in their beginning |
| Nucleic Acid | Blueprints of life |
| Nucleic Acid | DNA & RNA |
| DNA | Located in the nucleus of cell and contains the organism's genes |
| RNA | Carries out the orders of DNA (molecular slave) |
| ATP | Gathers and stores energy from other processes in its bonds |
| ATP | When its bonds break the released energy is used to power cell activities |
Created by:
Han Rea