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Ch. 1 and Ch. 2
Clinical Psych.
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Clinical Psychology the first word was used by | Witmer in 1907 First clients were children with behavioral or education problems -they must obtain a doctorate degree |
| In 1949, first conference on graduate training was held in | Boulder, Colorado |
| Scientist-practioner model: | traditional model of graduate training with a dual emphasis on empirical research and study (Boulder model) |
| 1973, another conference held in | Colorado, Vail. -PsyD (practioner-scholar model): clinical practice based |
| 1990s, clinical scientist model- | emphasized the scientific, research-oriented side of clinical psych. more strongly than Boulder model |
| 2 defining events highlight the initial step of the clinical scientist movement | 1. Richard McFall published an article that served as a Rallying Call 2. Academy of Psychological Clinical science was founded |
| On average, a PhD program in clinical psych. offers admission to only about | 7-16% |
| PsyD program offers only | 40-50% |
| Each applicant typically applies to | 10-12 programs |
| How to prepare and apply with advantages | know your professional options, take, and earn high grades in, the appropriate classes, get to know your professors, get research experience, maximize GRE score, write personal statements, etc. |
| PhD much greater importance on | student-mentor research match |
| PsyD offer admission to applicants who already have | a master's degree |
| Predoctoral: | a full year of supervised clinical experience in an applied setting -feels like the process of applying to graduate school |
| Postdoctoral | licensure as a psychologists -lasts 1-2 yrs. -take on more responsibilities but remain under supervision -accumulate required number of supervised hrs. and pass exams |
| EPPP | Examination for Professional Practice in Psychology |
| Once licensed, accumulate | CEUs (continuing education units) to renew license from year to year |
| Most common place to work | private practice (30-41%) |
| 2nd most common place to work | university psych. department (19%) |
| What do clinical psychologists do? | Psychotherapy -involved (76-87%) -conducting (31-37%) -individual therapy (76%) -group therapy (6-9%) |
| Characteristics of Clinical Psychologists | 83% white, 70% women, 5% disabilities -Mean age: 48.4 yrs. -tend to be less religious -more liberal social and political views |
| Clinical psych. more likely to work with clients whose psychological disorders were | more severe -Counseling psych.-less severe |
| Clinical psych. endorse the ____ orientation more, endorse behaviorism more strongly | eclectic |
| Psychiatrists go to medical school and are licensed as physicians | -allowed to prescribe meds |
| School psych- requires only a | masters degree |
| professional counselors- earn a | masters and complete training within 2 yrs. |
| Path to Becoming a Clinical Psychologist | Graduate school (coursework, thesis, doctoral dissertation, practicum), Clinical internship, postdoctoral fellowship/internship (some research, some full time practice), licensure (hrs. vary, EPPP exam, state exam), CEUs |
| In the 1700s and 1800s people with mental illness were generally viewed and treated | much more unfavorable (possessed by evil spirits) |
| William Tuke (1732-1822) | visited asylums, raised funds to open the York Retreat- a residential center where people with mental illness would always be cared for with kindness, dignity and decency |
| Philippe Pinel (1745-1826) | move people with mental illness out of dungeons in Paris -created new institutions -advocated for staff to include in their treatment of each pt. a written case history, ongoing treatment notes, and an illness classification |
| Eli Todd (1762-1832) | chorus of voices for humane treatment -physician in Connecticut in 1800 -Raise funds to open The Retreat in Hartford, Connecticut |
| Dorothea Dix (1802-1887) | worked as a sunday school teacher in a jail in Boston -travel to cities, collect data, present it to local communities, and persuade them to treat people -establishment of more than 30 state institutions for people with mental illness throughout the U.S |
| Lightner Witmer and the Creation of Clinical Psych. | In 1896, founded the first psychological clinic at the University of Pennsylvania -worked with children whose problems arose in school settings and were related to learning or behavior -founded the first scholarly journal, "The Psychological Clinic" |
| Racism and Prejudice in the History of Clinical Psych. | Draptomania: Cartwright explained it is a disease in slaves that prompts them to run away rather than remain submissive -People of race other than white as immature, black people had lower IQs, IQ tests were biased in the U.S Army |
| Mental illnesses were often placed in 1 or 2 categories | 1. Neurosis 2. Psychotic |
| Neurosis | thought to suffer from some psychiatric symptoms but to maintain an intact grasp on reality (anxiety and depression) |
| Psychotic | a break from reality in the form of hallucinations, delusions or grossly organized thinking (schizophrenia) |
| Emil Kraepelin ("Father of descriptive psychiatry") | offered a different 2 category system of mental illness (exogenous and endogenous) -suggested exogenous far more treatable -Dementia praecox to describe one endogenous disorder (schizo) -proposed terms: paranoia, manic depressive psychosis, etc. |
| Exogenous disorders | caused by external factors |
| Endogenous disorders | caused by internal factors |
| The original DSM was published by the APA in | 1952, representing a more sophisticated attempt to define and organize mental diagnosis -DSM III provided more specific diagnostic criteria |
| Edward Lee Thorndike | was among those to promote the idea that each person possesses separate, independent intelligences |
| Charles Spearman | led a group of theorists who argued for the existence of "g", a general intelligence thought to overlap with many particular abilities |
| Alfred Binet with Theodore Simon | created the first Binet-Simon scale in 1905 -endorsing the concept of "g" -IQ test -revised by Lewis Terman in 1937 (Stanford-Binet IQ Scale) -child focused measure on IQ |
| In 1939, the David Wechsler filled the need for a test of | intelligence designed for adults (Wechsler-Bellevue test) -revised and restandardized numerous times: the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale -released a children's version of his test (WISC), inclusion of verbal and performance scales |
| The term mental test was first used by | James Mekeen Cattell in 1890 |
| Hermann Rorschach published a test called the | Rorschach Inkblot Method -based on the assumption that people will "project" their personalities onto ambiguous or vague stimuli, the way people perceive and make sense of the blots corresponds to the world around them |
| Christiana Morgan and Henry Murray published the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) in 1935 | responded to cards featuring ambiguous stimuli -depicted people in scenes or situations that could be interpreted in a wide variety of ways |
| Objective personality tests: | were pencil and paper for which clients answered questions about themselves, their experiences or their preferences |
| The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) written by Starke Hathaway and J.C McKinley | consist of 550 true-false questions -responses compared with those of groups in the standardization sample who represented many diagnostic categories |
| In 1930 almost every clinical psychologist worked in | academia |
| In the middle of the 20th century, the psychodynamic approach to therapy | dominated |
| Ther behavioral approach emphasizes an | empirical method, with problems and progress measured in observable, quantifiable terms |
| Humanistic therapy flourished in the 1960s | Family therapy-1950s |
| Cognitive therapy as the foundation of | psychological wellness |
| Robert Yerkes chaired the Committee on the Psychological Examination of Recruits that created the | Army Alpha and Beta intelligence tests during WWI |
| David Wechsler's creation of the Wechsler-Bellevue, | first IQ test during WWI |
| Nazi presence brought | Sigmund Freud to the U.S |
| 1917 the American Association of Clinical Psychologists was founded and transitioned into the | Clinical section of the APA |
| The first psychological clinic opened in | 1896 |
| Ancient Egypt | Ancient papryi: recommended both biological and spiritual interventions for mental illness |
| Ancient Greece | biological theories of mental illness -4 humors: Hippocrates -hysteria "wandering uterus" only diagnosed in women |
| 4 humors | blood, phlegm, yellow and black bile |
| Rise of Asylums | renaissance through the 18th century -hospital of saint Mary of Bethlehem (bedlam) |
| Moral Treatment Movement: | several reformers worked to improve the conditions of insane asylums |
| Most drastic change in DSM from DSM II to DSM III | more disorders -specific criteria -multiaxial system |
| Currently, numerous disorders are under consideration for inclusion in next DSM | internet gaming disorder, attenuated psychosis syndrome, persistent complex bereavement, nonsuicidal self-injury |
| MMPI (1943): | comprehensive test measuring various pathologies |
| MMPI-2 (1989) | revised and restandardized |
| MMPI-A (1992) | for adolescents |
| Psychotherapy starts to rise in | 1940s/1950s -WWII created a demand for treatment |
| In 1952 Hans Eysenck publishes review critical of psychotherapy outcome research | empirically supported treatment movement -decades of randomized controlled trials on psychotherapy |
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