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Psych Vocab 2
key terms from chapter 2 of openstax psychology textbook
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Archival Research | Using past records to answer research questions or search for patterns or relationships |
| Attrition | Dwindling of the number of research participants as some drop out of the study over time |
| Cause-and-effect relationship | Changes in one variable results in changes in the other variable, as determined by experimental research design |
| Clinical or Case Study | Study based on observing one person or a small group of individuals, typically with unique traits |
| Confirmation Bias | Ignoring evidence that disproves ideas or beliefs; emphasizing data that confirms suspicions |
| Confounding Variable | Unanticipated outside factor affecting both variables of interest (ex. icecream and crime), giving the impression of causation |
| Control Group | Group not given the specific treatment. Basis for comparison- keeps a constant. |
| Correlation | Relationship between variables- one variable changes as the other changes. Correlation does not mean causation! |
| Correlation Coefficient | Number from 1 to -1 showing strength and direction of relationship. Represented by "r." |
| Cross-Sectional Research | Compares multiple segments of a population at the same time (ex. 20 yr olds and 60 yr olds). |
| Debriefing | Participants are told the complete truth about the experiment, its purposes, and any deception used at the conclusion of the experiment. |
| Deception | Intentionally misleading test subjects or research participants to maintain integrity of test data and limit biased results. |
| Deductive Reasoning | Results predicted by general premise (background knowledge) |
| Dependent Variable | Measured to determine the effect of the independent variable (result of the test). Ex. # of deaths by each phosphorus. |
| Double-Blind Study | Both researchers and participants are unaware of group assignments |
| Empirical | Grounded in objective, tangible evidence that can be repeatedly observed regardless of who tests it |
| Experimental Group | Group that receives specified treatment |
| Experimenter Bias | When researcher expectations skew the result of studies |
| Fact | And empirical observation |
| Falsifiable | Able to be disproven by experimental results (ex. amount of serotonin in bird brain's relation to singing patterns) |
| Generalize | Infer that results from sample can reflect the larger population |
| Hypothesis | A testable prediction, often an if-then statement |
| Illusionary correlation | Seeing a relationship where there is none |
| Independent variable | The "treatment," or difference between groups in study. Controlled by researcher. |
| Inductive Reasoning | Conclusions are drawn from observations |
| Informed Consent | Informing research participants about what to expect in experiment, any risks involved, the implications of the research, and then obtaining the participant's consent. |
| IACUC | Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee- administrators, scientists, vets and community members in charge of overseeing ethics for research involving animal subjects, approving projects and completing biannual inspections of said research. |
| IRB | Institutional Review Board- Administrators, scientists and community members reviewing and passing ethics of research involving humans |
| Inter-Rater Reliability | Measure of agreement among observers or testers on how they record or classify an event. |
| Longitudinal Research | Same group of individuals studied or measured repeatedly over time- ex. x-gene participants in cancer development statistics. |
| Naturalistic Observation | Observation of behavior in its natural setting- decreases bias. Ex. hand washing data scientist at bathroom mirror doing makeup. |
| Negative correlation | Variables change in different direction- one increases as the other decreases. |
| Observer Bias | When observations are slightly skewed to align with expectations |
| Operational Definition | Description of what actions will be used to measure the dependent variables and manipulate independent variables |
| Opinion | A personal judgement or attitude that may or may not be accurate. |
| Participants | subjects of research |
| Peer-Reviewed Journal Article | Read by several other scientists (usually anonymously) with expertise in the subject to provide feedback regarding validity and quality of the manuscript and researcher's process |
| Placebo Effect | When an expectation of a result influences or determines the effect of a treatment (ex. sugar pills curing headache) |
| Population | Overall group the researchers are interested in |
| Random Assignment | All participants have equal chance of being assigned to either group |
| Random Sample | Sample of population in which all members of population have equal chance of being selected. The larger the sample, the more accurate the data. |
| Reliablity | Consistency in reproduction of given result (ex. the water turns green every time) |
| Replication | Repeating an experiment with different samples to ensure reliability of data |
| Single-blind study | Participants don't know what group they're in, but researchers do |
| Statistical Analysis | Determines significance of differences in data, and whether it's due to chance. Ex. chi square. |
| Survey | List of questions answered by research participants, allowing researchers to collect data from a large number of people. |
| Theory | Well-developed set of ideas that suggest an explanation for an experimental result |
| Validity | Accuracy of a result in measuring what it's meant to measure (ex. does the measuring cup measure the exact same as my neighbor's?) |
Created by:
aims2willi