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Pharmacology Basics
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| It is the study of drugs, including their origin, chemical structure, preparation, administration, action, metabolism, and excretion. | Pharmacology |
| It is the art and science of preparing, compounding, and dispensing drugs, as well as the place where they are dispensed. | Pharmacy |
| It is the title of the licensed professional authorized to prepare and dispense prescriptions. | Pharmacist |
| It is a chemical substance that alters physiochemical processes in body cells by stimulating or inhibiting normal cellular functions. | Drug / Medicine |
| It is the ancient civilization that created the earliest recorded prescriptions written on clay tablets in 3000 B.C. | Babylonians |
| It is the 40-volume compendium of plant remedies compiled by the Chinese in 2700 B.C. | Pen Tsao (Great Herbal) |
| It is the ancient Egyptian papyrus document from 1500 B.C. containing records of early medical remedies. | Eber's Papyrus |
| He is the chemist in the early 1800s who first isolated morphine from opium and self-tested a high dose of 100 mg. | Friedrich Sertürner |
| It is the branch of pharmacology that studies how drugs change the body, including mechanisms of action and concentration-response relationships. | Pharmacodynamics dynamic means “change”. |
| It is the branch of pharmacology that studies how the body processes/moves drugs, specifically Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, and Excretion | Pharmacokinetics kinetic means “movement or motion” |
| It is the branch of pharmacology that focuses on medicinal drugs obtained from plants or natural sources. | Pharmacognosy |
| It is the study of the therapeutic uses, beneficial outcomes, and adverse effects of drugs. | Pharmacotherapeutics |
| It is the post-market monitoring of drugs to detect and evaluate previously unreported adverse reactions. | Pharmacovigilance |
| It is the study, measurement, and detection of poisons, toxins, and drug toxicity in the body. | Toxicology |
| It is the type of drug name that describes the exact atomic or molecular structure of a chemical (e.g., para-acetylaminophenol). | Chemical Name |
| It is the name approved by the Medical or Pharmaceutical Associations in the original country of manufacture and is adopted by all countries. (e.g., Paracetamol). | Generic or Nonproprietary Name |
| It is the proprietary name given to a drug by its specific manufacturer (e.g., Biogesic, Panadol). | Brand Name / Trade Name |
| They are examples of active medicinal agents isolated directly from natural plant sources. | Morphine, Cocaine, Colchicine |
| They are drug agents naturally produced in animal cells, microorganisms, or the body (e.g., hormones, vaccines, monoclonal antibodies). | Biologics |
| They are therapeutic mineral-based compounds used as drugs, such as Lithium carbonate and Cisplatin. It is a chemical substance that generally does not contain carbon-hydrogen (C-H) bonds. | Inorganic Compounds |
| They are chemically manufactured agents designed in laboratories to mimic natural biological substances It is a man-made chemical substances created through laboratory or industrial chemical reactions rather than extracted directly from natural sources | Synthetic Compounds |
| It is the drug testing phase performed exclusively on animals to determine basic safety, efficacy, and toxicity. it predicts whether the drug will cause harm to humans. | Preclinical Trials |
| It is the clinical phase tested on healthy male human volunteers to establish safe dosage and clearance profiles. | Phase I Clinical Trial |
| It is the clinical trial phase tested on a limited group of target patients to evaluate therapeutic efficacy. | Phase II Clinical Trial |
| It is a series of scientific tests to evaluate the actual therapeutic and toxic effects of chemicals | Drug Evaluation |
| They are discovered drug candidates that are abandoned during early trials because they are not financially viable to market. | Orphan Drugs |
| It is the large-scale clinical study phase that confirms efficacy and safety across a broad patient population. | Phase III Clinical Trial |
| It is the post-FDA approval phase involving continuous public surveillance for safety monitoring | Phase IV Clinical Trial |
| They are the main criteria causing a drug candidate to be abandoned as an Orphan Drug | Lack of therapeutic activity, high toxicity, narrow safety margin, teratogenicity, unacceptable side effects |
| They are solid drug forms, including tablets, capsules, lozenges, troches, and suppositories. | Solid Dosage Forms |
| They are liquid drug forms, including syrups, suspensions, elixirs, emulsions, and inhalants. | Liquid Dosage Forms |
| They are topical application forms, including creams, ointments, lotions, transdermal patches, and gels. | Topical Dosage Forms |
| It is the mandatory action required before pouring a liquid suspension to redistribute settled particles. | Shake / Mix well |
| It is the calibration reading line at the bottom of the liquid curve measured at eye level on a medicine cup | Bottom of the Meniscus |
| It is the correct procedure to confirm client identity before giving medication. | Check ID bracelet and ask client to state their name |
| It is the required frequency for checking the medication label against the physician's order prior to administration. | 3 times |
| It is the proper nursing intervention when a patient vomits following oral drug administration. | Report immediately to Charge Nurse / Physician |
| It is the injection route characterized by a 10 to 15 degrees angle, #25–#27 gauge needle, and max volume of 0.1–0.2 mL | Intradermal (ID) Route |
| It is the injection route characterized by a 45 to 90 degrees angle, #25–#27 gauge needle, and max volume of 1–3 mL | Subcutaneous (SubQ) Route |
| It is the injection route characterized by a 90 degrees angle, #20–#24 gauge needle, and max volume of 2–5 mL | Intramuscular (IM) Route |
| It is the preferred intramuscular injection site for infants 1 year old and younger. | Vastus Lateralis |
| It is the safest intramuscular injection site for adults and children over 1 year old because it lacks major vessels and nerves. | Ventrogluteal site |
| It is the intramuscular site contraindicated in children under 3 years old due to potential sciatic nerve damage. | Dorsogluteal site |
| It is the intramuscular site recommended for Hepatitis B vaccine administration with a maximum volume of 1 mL | Deltoid muscle |
| It is the directional movement used when cleaning the eye prior to applying ophthalmic medication. | From Inner Canthus to Outer Canthus |
| It is the exact location in the eye where ophthalmic drops are to be instilled. | Outer third of lower conjunctival sac |
| It is the direction to pull the ear pinna when administering otic drops to patients over 3 years old | UPWARD and BACKWARD |
| It is the direction to pull the ear pinna when administering otic drops to children under 3 years old. | DOWNWARD and BACKWARD |
| It is the post-administration position and time requirement following otic drop instillation. | Side-lying position for 5 minutes |
| It is the technique of applying digital pressure to the inner lacrimal duct for 30 seconds to prevent systemic drug absorption. | Punctal Occlusion |
| The systematic naming of drug used in Pharmacology | Drug Name |
| Preparations are taken by mouth, swallowed with fluid, and absorbed via the gastrointestinal tract | Oral Medication |
| Can be defined as a sterile drug product, suitable for administration by injection. | Parenteral Medication |
| It is a medication comes in form of drops gel or oinment | Ophthalmic Medication |
| It is a drug suitable for administration applied to a particular body part most often applied to surfaces such as skin and mucous membrane. | Topical Medication |
| It is a drug products used to treat conditions of the external and middle ear. | Otic Medication |
| It is the branch of science that deals with the study of drugs and medications, including substance origin, composition, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, therapeutic use, and toxicology. | Pharmacology |
| It is the health profession and technique linking health sciences with chemical sciences aimed at ensuring the safe and effective preparation and dispensing of drugs | Pharmacist |
| It is the discipline of pharmacy that deals with the process of turning a new chemical entity (NCE) or old drugs into a medication used safely and effectively by patients. | Pharmaceutics |
| It is the science of identification, compounding, collection, isolation, purification, synthesis, standardization, and dispensing of drugs. | Pharmacy |
| It describes what the body does to a drug, tracking the movement and time course of absorption, bioavailability, distribution, metabolism, and excretion | Pharmacokinetics |
| It is the branch concerned with what a drug does to the body, focusing on drug effects and their mechanisms of action. | Pharmacodynamics |
| It deals with the application of drugs in the prevention and treatment of disease. | Therapeutics |
| It deals with the adverse effects of drugs and the detection, prevention, and treatment of poisoning. | Toxicology |
| It is the use of strong chemical agents or cytotoxic drugs for treating diseases, especially cancer. | Chemotherapy |
| It is the branch of knowledge concerned with medicinal drugs obtained directly from plants or natural resources. | Pharmacognosy |
| It is the post-licensing practice of monitoring drug effects to identify and evaluate previously unreported adverse reactions. | Pharmacovigilance |
| It is the 1693 text authored by Samuel Dale where the first recorded reference to the word pharmacology was found. | Pharmacologia sen Manuductio and Materiam Medicum |
| It is a chemical agent capable of producing biologic responses within the body, called a medication after administration. | Drug |
| They are therapeutic agents naturally produced in animal cells, by microorganisms, or by the human body (e.g., hormones, vaccines, antibodies). | Biologics |
| They are non-conventional therapeutic approaches involving herbs, vitamins, minerals, dietary supplements, acupuncture, and massage. | Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM) |
| It is the nonproprietary drug name approved by medical associations in the country of origin and adopted worldwide. | Generic Name |
| It is the proprietary name given to a medication by its specific manufacturer. | Brand Name / Trade Name |
| It is the name describing the exact atomic or molecular structure of a drug. | Chemical Name |
| They are drugs requiring a written order from a authorized healthcare provider, allowing patient examination, specific diagnosis, and tailored education. | Prescription Drugs |
| They are easily accessible drugs that do not require a provider's order, allowing self-treatment but carrying risks of misadministration or drug interactions. | Over-the-Counter (OTC) Drugs |
| It is an official medical reference summarizing standards of drug purity, strength, and directions for synthesis. | Pharmacopoeia |
| It is the FDA branch that exercises control over prescription and OTC drug therapeutic usage and safety. | Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER) |
| It is the FDA branch responsible for regulating biologics such as serums, vaccines, and blood components. | Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research (CBER) |
| It is the primary drug package warning used to identify extreme adverse drug reactions discovered during or after review. | Black Box Warning |
| It is the federal entity established in 1998 as the lead agency for scientific research into complementary and alternative medicine. | National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) |
| It is the state-level law that defines nursing boundaries and dictates that administering drugs without an order can cause license revocation or civil prosecution. | Nurse Practice Act |
| It is the 1820 comprehensive publication of drug standards established by US healthcare providers. | U.S. Pharmacopeia (USP) |
| It is America's first 1906 law regulating drugs by prohibiting the sale of misbranded and adulterated products. | Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906 |
| It is the 1912 amendment prohibiting false therapeutic claims on labels following infant deaths from morphine-containing teething syrup. | Sherley Amendment |
| It is the 1914 act requiring prescriptions for narcotics exceeding set limits and mandating record-keeping for doctors and pharmacists. | Harrison Narcotics Tax Act |
| It is the 1938 law empowering the FDA to ensure drug safety, accurate labeling, and package inserts before marketing. | Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act |
| It is the 1951 amendment distinguishing between prescription and non-prescription (OTC) drugs | Durham-Humphrey Amendment |
| It is the 1962 amendment triggered by the thalidomide birth defect tragedy requiring proof of drug efficacy and safety. | Kefauver-Harris Amendment |
| It is the 1970 act categorizing controlled substances into schedules based on abuse liability and promoting drug abuse education/treatment. | Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act |
| It is the 1983 legislation offering grants, tax credits, and 7-year marketing exclusivity to promote drugs for rare diseases | Orphan Drug Act |
| It is the 1994 law establishing labeling standards for dietary supplements and classifying them as food. | Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act (DSHEA) |
| It is the 1996 act protecting worker health insurance coverage during job changes and setting national standards for health information privacy. | Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) |
| It is the 1997 act accelerating new drug reviews, regulating off-label information, and requiring 6-month notices before discontinuing vital drugs | FDA Modernization Act |
| It is the 2003 law authorizing the FDA to require pediatric testing for drugs, establishing that "children are not small adults". | Pediatric Research Equity Act |
| It is the 2012 law allowing the FDA to collect industry fees for "breakthrough therapy" reviews and enhancing global supply chain safety. | Food and Drug Administration Safety and Innovation Act |
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