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AP psych summer work
unit zero
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| effect size | Quantitative measure indicating the magnitude of a statistical relationship strength |
| statistical significance | Statement of how likely an obtained result occurred by chance |
| meta-analysis | Statistical procedure for combining results from multiple independent scientific studies |
| inferential statistics | Numerical data that allows one to generalize or draw conclusions |
| normal curve | symmetrical curve describing the distribution of many attributes |
| standard deviation | Computed measure of how much scores vary around the mean |
| range | Difference between the highest and lowest scores in a distribution |
| skewed distribution | Representation of scores that lack symmetry around their average value |
| percentile rank | Percentage of scores equal to or below a specific score |
| median | The middle score in a distribution, dividing it into halves |
| mean | The arithmetic average of a dataset |
| mode | The most frequently occurring score or value in a dataset |
| histogram | Bar Graph displaying the frequency distribution of continuous numerical data |
| descriptive statistics | Numerical data used to measure and describe characteristics of groups |
| debriefing | Explaining a study's true purpose and findings to participants afterwards |
| informed consent | Informing participants about research procedures before securing their agreement |
| qualitative research | Collecting non-numerical data to understand concepts, opinions, or experiences |
| quantitative research | Collecting and analyzing numerical data to uncover patterns and relationships |
| validity | Extent to which a test measures what it claims to |
| dependent variable | Experimental factor being measured that changes in response to manipulations |
| experimenter bias | Researchers expectations subtly influence participant responses or study outcomes |
| confounding variable | Uncontrolled factor that might influence the experiments dependent variable |
| independent variable | Experimental factor that is manipulated to observe it's causal effect |
| placebo effect | Experimental results caused by expectations alone rather than active ingredients |
| double-blind procedure | Experiment where neither participants nor researchers who received treatment |
| single-blind procedure | Experiment where participants do not know which treatment they recieve |
| random assignment | Assigning participants to groups by chance to minimize pre-existing differences |
| control group | Group in an experiment that does not receive the treatment |
| experimental group | Group in an experiment that receives the treatment being tested |
| experiment | Research method where independent variables are manipulated to determine causation |
| regressions towards the mean | Extreme scores tend to fall back towards the average over time |
| illusory correlation | Perceiving a relationship between variables when no actual relationship exists |
| scatterplot | Graph of Clustered dots representing two variables' relationship strength |
| Variable | Anything that can vary, change or be measured in research |
| correlation coefficient | Numerical Index measuring relationship strength and direction |
| correlation | Measure of how strongly two factors vary and predict each other |
| population | All individuals in a group being studied to draw conclusions |
| random sample | Sample that fairly represents a population because each member has equal chance |
| Sampling Bias | Flawed sampling process that procedures an unrepresentative sample |
| self-report bias | Inaccuracy in participants' responses due to selective or dishonest answering |
| social desirability bias | Tendency to answer questions to be viewed favorably by others |
| Survey | Obtaining self reported attitudes or behaviors from a group |
| naturalistic observation | observing behavior in natural environments without manipulating the situation |
| case study | In-depth analysis of an individual or group over time |
| replication | repeating a study to confirm original findings with new participants |
| operational definition | carefully worded statement of exact procedures used in research |
| falsifable | capable of being tested and proven wrong by evidence |
| hypothesis | a testable prediction often implied by a theory |
| theory | explanation using principles that organize observations and predict behaviors |
| peer reviews | experts who anonymously evaluate research before publication for quality |
| hindsight bias | believing after an event, that one knew It all along |
| Critical thinking | Thinking that evaluates evidence without blindly accepting arguments or conclusions |
Created by:
smythj