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Cog Test Review
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What's the difference between encoding and retrieval? | encoding = getting info into long term memory / retrieval = pulling info out of long term memory |
| What are Retrieval Cues? | Hints that help us find a memory in our long term memory |
| What's the difference between iconic and echoic memory? What is the time limit for them? | iconic = visual in sensory memory for half a second / echoic = sound in sensory memory for 2 seconds |
| What's the difference between sensory, working, and long term memory? | sensory = holds all sensory info for up to two secs / working = can hold 5-9 items info for 20-30 secs / long-term = all memories held past a couple of minutes |
| Why does some info pass from sensory to working to long term, but other information does not? | What you pay attention to is what is transferred into working and then long term memory |
| Why is rehearsal important for working memory? | it resets the 20-30 second limit of working memory as long as you're repeating/rehearsing the info |
| What is the difference between these three levels of processing: structural level, phonemic level, semantic, and self-reference level? | shallow hard to remember (structural remembering what it looks like / phonemic level is remembering what it sounds like) / deep easy to remember (semantic level is understanding what something means / self-reference is best and it's applying to self) |
| What is the difference between an episodic memory and a semantic memory? | an episodic memory is like a tv episode of your life where you can remember being there / a semantic memory is knowing what something means (like a definition or how a math formula works) |
| Explain the connection between these three parts of working memory: central executive, phonological loop, visuospatial sketchpad. | central executive is in charge of what to pay attention to and if it wants to remember something, it tells the phonological loop to practice repeating it and/or the visuospatial sketchpad to visualize it |
| What are explicit memories? | memory for general knowledge |
| What's the difference between Effortful Processing and Automatic Processing? | Effortful Processing = trying to memorize / Automatic Processing = accidentally memorize |
| What is the difference between massed and distributed practice? Which leads to better long-term memory? | massed = cramming and it leads to needing more relearning later / distributed = spaced out and it leads to better long term retention |
| What's the difference between how the testing effect influences recall and how looking over notes influences recall? | testing effect = quizzing yourself and leads to better recall than just looking over material for the same amount of time |
| How is highly superior autobiographical memory different from normal autobiographical memory? | highly superior autobiographical memory = can recall every thing that ever happened to you |
| What's the difference between procedural/implicit memory and explicit/declarative memory? | procedural/implicit memory = knowing how to do something (processed in cerebellum) / explicit/declarative memory = facts and personally experienced events (processed in hippocampus) |
| What brain part would be damaged if someone has procedural/implicit memory but not explicit/declarative memory? | hippocampus processes explicit/declarative and cerebellum processes implicit/procedural |
| What are two reasons for infantile amnesia? | developing hippocampus and storing memories without semantic encoding |
| When does memory consolidation primarily occur? | During sleep |
| What's prospective memory? | remembering something you were going to do in the future |
| What is long-term potentiation? | at first it's harder to learn a new process or skill or thought, but if you practice it, it becomes quicker and easier to think of it or do it |
| What's the difference between recall and recognition? | recognition is seeing it and remembering it (like multiple choice) / recall = remembering without seeing it |
| How is context-dependent memory different from state-dependent memory? | context means the external environment serves as a retrieval cue and state-dependent means your state or mind or mood acts like a retrieval cue |
| How are these related - primacy, recency, and serial position? | primacy is better recall of things that occur at the beginning of a sequence, recency is better recall of things at the end of a sequence, and serial position is recalling beginning and end |
| What is the difference between anterograde amnesia and retrograde amnesia? | anterograde is can't make new memories / retrograde is old memories are missing |
| What's the difference between an encoding failure and a retrieval failure? | encoding failure = didn't pay attention to get it into long term memory / retrieval failure = can't get it back out of long term memory (ex: the tip-of-the-tongue effect) |
| What does Ebbinghaus' forgetting curve say about how memories are lost or retained over a long time? | You have a steep drop in memory at first, but then it levels out and you keep the rest forever |
| What is the difference between retroactive interference and proactive interference? | retro = retro (old) memories are erased (hard to access) / pro = old memories are so strong you can't access the newer ones |
| How are eyewitnesses and misinformation effect related? | Sometimes bad questions from the police to the eye witness can add misinformation to ruin the memory of the eye witness and they don't even realize it |
| What term is this? When you pull up old memories, you typically fill in any blanks based on past experiences and current expectations. | memory construction |
| How can Source Amnesia and Imagination Inflation be related? | If you listened to someone tell a story about what they did and forgot where you heard it, you might think it happened to you (you created a memory by imagining something) |
| What's the difference between phonemes and morphemes? | phonemes = sounds of a language / morphemes = smallest unit of meaningful sound (like a word, prefix, or suffix) |
| Give an example of a sentence that has incorrect syntax according to English rules. | play doggies with i want to |
| What are the stages, ages, and characteristics of language development? | Cooing, 2 to 4 Mo, Prelinguistic / Babbling, 4 to 10 Mo, Prelinguistic / One-Word or Holophrastic, 12-18 Mo, single words / Two-Word or Telegraphic, 18 to 24 Mo, two words together / Complete sentences with overregularization, 24+ Mo |
| What stage of language development are prelinguistic? | cooing and babbling occur before a child can speak words |
| How is phoneme discrimination different at the beginning of the babbling stage versus the end of the babbling stage? | at the beginning, babies can make and tell the difference between all sounds from all languages / at the end of the stage, they can only make the sounds in their own language |
| What's the difference between the one word and the two word stage? | one word = you're 1 and say one word at a time / two word = you're closer to 2 and can put two words together |
| Give two examples of overgeneralization. | overapplying grammar rules, forgetting there are irregularities (tooths, fishes, runned, goed) |
| If someone learns a language after their second critical/sensitive period, what is it like? | after puberty, harder to learn to think in it and harder to get the accent right |
| What's the difference between linguistic determinism and linguistic relativism? | linguistic determinism = language decides what we can think about / linguistic relativism = language influences the way we think |
Created by:
lcurty100