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Exam 2 Rad201

QuestionAnswer
Law of Bergonié and Tribondeau Characteristics of radiosensitive cells, Most radiosensitive vs least radiosensitive cells, Age-related radiosensitivity
Characteristics of radiosensitive cells - High mitotic rate o Undifferentiated cells o Long mitotic future
Most radiosensitive vs least radiosensitive cells: - Lymphocytes o Immature spermatogonia o Adult nerve cells o Muscle cells
Age-related radiosensitivity: - Embryo/fetus (especially 1st trimester) o Children o Adults
Cell Types & Tissue Classification Dividing vs nondividing tissues o Epithelial o Muscle o Nervous (adult) • Hematopoietic tissue • Bone marrow repopulation after radiation • Oogonia and spermatogonia development
LET (Linear Energy Transfer) High-LET vs low-LET radiation o X-rays o Gamma rays o Alpha particles • Relationship between LET and biologic damage • Direct vs indirect action • Free radical formation
Relative Biologic Effectiveness (RBE) RBE formula • Comparison of test radiation to 250-kVp x-rays
Radiation Units & Measurements Gray (Gy), centigray (cGy), Sievert (Sv) • Micron (μm) conversion • Effective dose (EfD) • Cumulative effective dose (CumEfD) • LD 50/30 • Doubling dose
DNA Structure & Mutation Nitrogenous base changes • Point mutations • Chromosome aberrations • Spontaneous vs induced mutations • Mutagens (chemicals, viruses, radiation)
Types of Cell Death Apoptosis (programmed cell death) • Mitotic death • Master molecule theory
Blood Cell Types Normal WBC count range • Granulocytes • Lymphocytes • Neutrophils thrombocytes
Blood Monitoring & Radiation Why periodic blood counts are not reliable for occupational monitoring • Hematopoietic syndrome
Types of ARS Hematopoietic (bone marrow) syndrome • Gastrointestinal syndrome • Cerebrovascular syndrome
ARS Stages Prodromal stage 2. Latent period 3. Manifest illness 4. Recovery or death
Dose-Response Relationships Survival time vs dose • GI syndrome fatal mechanism • Early tissue reaction
Early Tissue Reactions Erythema • Epilation • Moist & dry desquamation • Skin burns • Cataracts (threshold effect) • Sterility (temporary vs permanent)
Dose Threshold Concepts Threshold vs nonthreshold effects • Linear vs nonlinear dose-response • Radiation-induced cataracts
Cancer Leukemia trends in atomic bomb survivors • Breast cancer (postpartum mastitis cases) • Lung cancer (uranium miners) • Thyroid cancer after nuclear accidents
Genetic Effects Germ cell damage (sperm & ova) • Hereditary disorders • In utero exposure risks • Preimplantation stage effects (all-or-none response) • Severe intellectual disability threshold (~0.1 Sv)
Embryologic & Fetal Radiation Effects Radiosensitivity by trimester • Preimplantation effects • Organogenesis risks • Dose thresholds for congenital abnormalities • Microcephaly
Epidemiologic Evidence & Radiation Events Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki • Chernobyl disaster • Marshall Islands fallout exposure • Uranium miners (Navajo Nation)
ALARA Concept As Low As Reasonably Achievable • Linear Nonthreshold (LNT) model • Investigation levels (Level I & II)
Regulatory Agencies & Roles Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) • Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) • Food and Drug Administration (FDA) • International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP)
Regulatory Agencies & Roles National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements (NCRP) • United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation (UNSCEAR) • Radiation Effects Research Foundation (RERF)
know Responsibilities of radiation safety officer • Facility administrative responsibilities • Occupational dose limits (whole body, lens of eye) • Minor dose limits • Negligible individual dose (NID)
Radionuclides & Internal Exposure Radium half-life (1622 years Radium similarity to calcium (bone incorporation) • Iodine-131 thyroid uptake • Potassium iodide prophylaxids
Created by: Gina_d2
 

 



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