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AP Gov Un. parts 2&3
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Ambassadors | Official representatives appointed by the president, represent US in foreign countries and conduct diplomacy with other governments. |
| bully pulpit | President’s ability to use the media to take his message directly to the people Ability to promote his legislative agenda – domestic or foreign policy – to build support/pressure Congress |
| cabinet | Group of the heads of executive departments, serve as president’s top advisors on policy and administration. |
| chief of staff | Senior White House official, manages the president’s schedule, oversees White House staff, and coordinates policy and political strategy. |
| commander in chief | The constitutional role, president, head of US armed forces |
| executive office of the president | group of agencies and offices, support the president in managing the executive branch and developing policy. |
| executive order | rule/order issued by president to an executive branch of the government, has the force of law Often carried out by agencies he oversees (the executive bureaucracy) doesnt need congressional approval |
| executive privilege | The president’s power to withhold certain communications or information from Congress or the courts to protect confidentiality in executive decision |
| honeymoon period | The early months of a new presidency when the president typically experiences higher public approval and greater congressional cooperation. |
| imieachment | The formal process by which the House of Representatives charges a federal official with misconduct, potentially leading to trial in the Senate. |
| inherent powers | Presidential powers claimed to come from the nature of national sovereignty rather than explicit constitutional language. |
| lame duck period | The time after an election but before the newly elected officials take office, when outgoing officials still hold power. |
| line item veto | The ability to reject specific provisions of a bill while signing the rest into law; the Supreme Court ruled the federal version unconstitutional. |
| national security council (NSC) | A presidential advisory body that coordinates national security and foreign policy decisions. |
| pocket veto | A veto that occurs when the president takes no action on a bill and Congress adjourns within ten days, preventing the bill from becoming law. |
| presidential succession act | (1947) A law establishing the order of succession to the presidency after the vice president. |
| recess appointments | A presidential appointment made while the Senate is not in session, allowing the appointee to temporarily serve without Senate confirmation. |
| signing statements | A written declaration issued by the president when signing a bill into law that explains how the law will be interpreted or enforced. |
| state of the union | An annual address by the president to Congress describing the condition of the nation and outlining policy goals. |
| twelfth amendment | Constitutional amendment requiring separate Electoral College votes for president and vice president. |
| twentieth amenment | Constitutional amendment that moved the start dates of presidential and congressional terms to January to shorten the lame duck period. |
| twenty second amendment | Constitutional amendment limiting presidents to two elected terms in office. |
| twenty fifth amendment | establishes clear rules for presidential succession, filling a vice-presidential vacancy, and handling presidential disability |
| veto | The president’s constitutional power to reject legislation passed by Congress. |
| war powers act | (1973) A law intended to limit the president’s ability to deploy U.S. troops without congressional approval by requiring notification and time limits. |
| white house staff | The group of advisors and assistants who work directly for the president and help manage policy, communications, and daily operations. |
| appropriations | a law passed by Congress granting money to fund executive branch agencies and government programs |
| authorization of spending | A formal declaration by a legislative committee that a certain amount of funding may be available to an agency. Some authorizations terminate in a year; others are renewable automatically without further congressional action. |
| civil service commission | government agency created by the Pendleton Act of 1883 to fill federal jobs on the basis of merit |
| civil service reform act | (1978) Congress took action in the late 19th century to protect ethical politicians and create standards for political service; including, a civil service test for those seeking a job in government. |
| competitive service | the government offices to which people are appointed on the basis of merit, as ascertained by a written exam or by applying certain selection criteria |
| compliance monitoring | Activities undertaken to establish whether a process or procedure is carried out in conformance with relevant external requirements, whether set through legislation, regulations, or directions |
| discretionary authority | The extent to which appointed bureaucrats can choose courses of action and make policies that are not spelled out in advance by laws. |
| excepted service | civil service positions in the federal government that are explicitly exempt from traditional competitive service hiring rules and do not grant competitive status upon appointment |
| federal bureau of investigation | Created after the Russian Revolution to prevent radicals from taking over. Headed by J Edgar Hoover. (FBI) domestic intelligence and security service of the United States and its principal federal law enforcement agency |
| federal election commission | A six-member bipartisan agency created by the Federal Election Campaign Act of 1974. Administers and enforces campaign finance laws. |
| freedom of information act | (1966) Gives all citizens the right to inspect all records of federal agencies except those containing military, intelligence, or trade secrets; increases accountability of bureaucracy |
| hatch act (1939) | A federal law prohibiting government employees from active participation in partisan politics. |
| iron triangle | A close relationship between an agency, a congressional committee, and an interest group and results in wasteful pork barrel spending |
| issue networks | The loose and informal relationships that exist among a large number of actors who work in broad policy areas |
| legislative veto | Ability of Congress to override presidential decision. War Powers Resolution asserts this authority, but theres reason to belief that if challenged, supreme court would find legislative veto in violation of doctrine of separation of powers |
| merit system | hiring people into government jobs on the basis of their qualifications |
| national performance review (NPR) | 1993, led by Vice President Al Gore, to make the bureaucracy work better and cost less. |
| office of information and regulatory affairs (OIRA) | a unit of the Office of Management and Budget that sets federal policy on statistics and reviews draft rules before publication |
| Office of personnel management (OPM) | The office in charge of hiring for most agencies of the federal government, using elaborate rules in the process. |
| Patronage | Granting favors or giving contracts or making appointments to office in return for political support |
| pendleton civil service act | (1883) Passed in 1883, an Act that created a federal civil service so that hiring and promotion would be based on merit rather than patronage. |
| red tape | complex bureaucratic rules and procedures that must be followed to get something done |
| senior executive service | Established by Congress in 1978 as a flexible, mobile corps of senior career executives who work closely with presidential appointees to manage government. |
| spoils system | 19th-century practice where winning political parties rewarded their campaign donors, workers, and loyal supporters with federal government jobs instead of hiring based on qualifications |
| sunshine act | (1976) adopted in 1977, this act requires that most government meetings be conducted in public and that notice of such meetings must be posted advance |
| Whistleblower protection act | (1989) 1989 law that protects federal employees from being punished for reporting government/agency misconduct. |
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