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AP Gov Unit 2 part 1
AP Gov Unit 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Advice and consent | Senates power to approve treaties and presidential appointments, ensures checks and balances |
| Baker v. Carr (1962) | SCOTUS ruled that federal courts have the authority to hear lawsuits challenging unequal, malapportioned legislative districts |
| Bicameral | Legislature of two branches/houses |
| Caucuses | local meeting arranged by political party, party members gather, discuss candidates, and select delegates pledged to support a presidential nominee, or a meeting of lawmakers within Congress to set policy and choose legislative leaders |
| Cloture rule | only formal Senate procedure used to end a filibuster and force an immediate vote on a bill or nomination |
| Committee chairmen | leader of a congressional committee, has authority over the committee’s agenda. |
| Committee of the Whole | all members of the House and meets in the House chamber but is governed by different rules, making it easier to consider complex and controversial legislation |
| Committee on Committees | (republican)an internal party group in the U.S. Congress responsible for recommending party members for assignment to specific standing committees |
| Conference chairmen | senior member who leads a temporary joint committee tasked with reconciling differences between House and Senate versions of a bill |
| Conference committees | a temporary, joint committee of the House and Senate formed to resolve differences between the two chambers' versions of a bill |
| congressional oversight | Congress power to review, monitor, and supervise the executive branch and federal bureaucratic agencies to ensure they execute laws as Congress intended |
| consituent services (case work) | Things members of Congress & their staff do to help constituents (represented citizen/individual in district/state) solve problems with federal government, cuts through "bureaucratic red tape" |
| Deficit | government spends more money than it collects in revenue over a specific period, usually a fiscal year |
| delegate model | a theory of congressional representation where members of Congress vote based on the direct preferences and wishes of their constituents, rather than using their own personal judgment |
| discharge petition | motion filed by a member of Congress to move a bill out of committee and onto the floor of the House of Reps for a vote |
| discretionary spending | spending for programs and policies at the discretion of Congress and the president |
| earmarks | provisions added to federal legislation by members of Congress to allocate money for specific local projects or organizations, bypassing the usual competitive bidding process |
| enumerated powers | Powers granted to congress by the US constitution |
| estate taxes | federal levy placed on the net value of a deceased person's money and property before it is handed down to heirs |
| expressed pwers | specific authorities explicitly granted to the federal government and written directly into the U.S. Constitution |
| filibuster | Senate technique, opponents of a piece of legislation try to "talk it to death" to delay/postpone action on legislation |
| floor leaders | party members chosen by the House and Senate caucuses to steer legislative action, manage debate on the floor, and carry out party goals |
| germane | an amendment/provision that is strictly relevant and directly related to the central subject matter of bill under consideration |
| gerrymandering | drawing of congressional districts to favor one political party or group over another (cracking or packing) |
| gridlock | situation where no congressional action or legislation can be passed due to lack of consensus among political actors |
| hold | informal practice where a U.S. senator asks party leadership to delay or block a bill, motion, or presidential nomination from coming to the Senate floor |
| house judiciary committee | standing committee in the House of Reps responsible for overseeing administration of justice in federal courts, law enforcement, and constitutional matters |
| house ways and means committee | primary standing committee in the House of Reps responsible for writing tax, tariff, and revenue-raising legislation |
| impeach | bring charges against a government official for wrongdoing House of reps charges, senate holds trial to decide whether to convict and remove them from office |
| implied powers | powers of US government not stated in constitution but necessary for carrying out express powers |
| incumbency | tendency of those already holding office to win reelection due to advantages because they already hold office |
| interest | voluntary association of people who come together with the goal of getting the policies that they favor enacted |
| joint committees | congressional committees with members from both House and Senate |
| logrollings | Members of Congress trade votes, get earmarks passed into legislation, agree to support eachothers bills/favored projects |
| mandatory spending | required government spending by permanent laws, "locked in" the budget |
| marginal seats | electoral district/constituency won by a small majority or narrow margin in a previous election, marginal seat (or marginal district) in AP Gov, an electoral district where the winning candidate receives less than 55% of the popular vote |
| markup sessions | meeting held by a congressional committee/subcommittee to debate, amend, and rewrite a proposed bill before it is voted on and sent to the full chamber |
| multiple referral | congressional process, bill is sent to multiple committees at the same time or in sequence because it touches several areas of their jurisdictions |
| non germane amendments | an addition/change to a bill, no direct relation to the subject matter of the original legislation |
| omnibus bill | a massive single piece of legislation, combines multiple, often unrelated or diverse measures into one large package requiring just a single up-or-down vote |
| politico model | theory of congressional representation, members of Congress blend the trustee model and delegate model, switching their voting behavior depending on the specific political circumstance |
| pork barrel spending | Practice of members of Congress, federal funding for localized projects (ex. infrastructure) into larger bills to benefit home districts and boost reelection chances |
| president of the senate | (Vice President of US) constitutional role, acts as the presiding officer of the Senate, can only vote to break a tie |
| president pro tempore | high ranking senator (majority party) presides over US Senate in absence of VP |
| reapportionment | reallocating 435 seats in the House every 10 years based on census |
| redistricting | redrawing congressional districts to accommodate population shifts and keep districts as equal as possible in population (after each census) |
| riders | non germane amendment (wouldn't pass on its own) added to a popular/must-pass bill so it can "ride" through Congress and become law |
| rules committee | committee determining the rules of debate for bills in the House (when debate happens, how long it will last, what amendments will be allowed on floor) |
| safe seats | elected legislative district predictably won by single party/incumbent, victory is virtually guaranteed |
| senate majority leader | chief spokesperson & most influential member of majority party in the U.S. Senate, responsible for managing the legislative agenda and floor action |
| sequential referral | congressional procedure, Speaker of the House (or presiding officers in Senate) sends a proposed bill to a second committee only after the first committee has finished acting on it |
| seventeenth amendment | established the direct election of U.S. Senators by popular vote instead of selection by state legislatures |
| shaw v. reno | (1993) Supreme Court case that ruled electoral voting districts cannot be drawn purely based on race |
| speaker of the house | Leader of House, chosen by election of members |
| sponsor | member of Congress (House Rep or Senator) who officially introduces a bill, resolution, or amendment, name appears first on the proposal |
| standing committees | permanent committee (House of Reps or Senate) evaluates bills, marks them up, and handles ongoing policy oversight in a specific subject area |
| swing districts | congressional or legislative district, voter support is split evenly btwn major parties, either Democrats or Republicans could realistically win general election |
| trustee model | theory of representation in AP Gov, elected officials use own personal judgment and conscience to make policy decisions, rather than following the direct demands of their constituents |
| unanimous consent | Senate procedure, presiding officer asks if any member objects to a proposed action, if no one objects, the measure passes or the rule is set aside |
| war powers act | (1973) federal law designed to limit the president's ability to wage unapproved military conflict and protect Congress's constitutional power to declare war |
| whip | (not in constitution) party leadership member in the House of Reps or the Senate who counts votes, encourages party discipline, and manages communication between party leaders and lawmakers |
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