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Cell Chapter 1
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| the study of living things | Biology |
| Unity, Diversity, Continuity, Organization | 4 Themes of Chapter One |
| The basic building blocks of life: genetics | What connects us with our ancestors? |
| the same basic array of bones | What do vertebrates all share? |
| Structures with the same evolutionary origin but now differ in structure and function | Homologous structures |
| Cat paws evolved to tread quietly for hunting, human hands evolved to grab things, horse hooves have powerful movement (all haves humorous, radius, ulna, carpals and metacarpals) | Examples of Homologous structures |
| structures of different origin used for the same purpose | Analogous structure |
| Butterfly wings and bird wings both evolved to fly | Examples of Analogous structures |
| based on tracing origin of particular nucleotide changes to reconstruct an evolutionary history; Compare genomes or proteins of different organisms (how a species is related) | Phylogenetic trees |
| Need models for research that are close enough in DNA to humans (find with phylogenetic tree); Humans are only 1.2% different from chimps (6 million years ago) and 1.6% from gorillas (8 million years ago) | Application of phylogenetic trees |
| grouping organisms based on common ancestors | taxonomy |
| prokarya and eukarya | Original two domains |
| Archaea, Bacteria, Eukarya | three domains |
| no nucleus; introns and exons (more complex process for gene expression), more complex phospholipid layer, can survive in extreme conditions (but recently able to isolate in normal conditions) | Archaea |
| intervening non-coding sequences; removable part of gene transcription | introns |
| cell membrane | Where is phospholipid layer located? |
| no nucleus, mostly exons (less complex process for gene expression), less complex phospholipid layer, omnipresent | Bacteria |
| nucleus, introns and exons | Eukarya |
| Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia | Kingdoms of Eukarya |
| ex. algae; unicellular eukaryotes (except for certain multicellular algae), very well-defined nucleus, cytoplasm organized into organelles | Protista |
| ex. mushrooms, extracellular digestion, chitin (nitrogen) is the composition of their cell wall | Fungi |
| secrete their digestive enzymes outside, digest it, and absorb their nutrients | extracellular digestion |
| Photosynthesize to get energy, cellulose is the composition of the cell wall of plants, and it is not recognized by human enzymes | Plantae |
| Ex. humans, no cell wall, energy from cellular respiration | Animalia |
| first basic requirement for life is having a cell, viruses just have genetic material in a capsid protein (while some have membranes around them like COVID) | Why were viruses once considered non-living? |
| unique way it folds its proteins which could only happen if it's a living organism; believed that viruses underwent reductive evolution from ancient cells; viruses and cells used to exist together but now split and can connect when virus meets cell | Why are viruses living |
| Cellular Organization, Source of Information, Energy Utilization, Response to Stimuli: Homeostasis, Growth/Development, Reproduction: Heredity, Evolution | Seven Fundamental Characteristics of Life |
| first basic requirement for life is having a cell (exception viruses); almost all organisms are organized in sets; the cell sets the idea for how organized a lifeform is | What is the concept of cellular organization? |
| genetic material (DNA/RNA); DNA holds your blueprint because of the sequence of nucleotides | What is the concept of source of information? |
| no living thing can survive without energy; autotrophs vs. heterotrophs | What is the concept of energy utilization? |
| the capacity to work and the ability to make change | energy |
| make their own energy; phototrophs and chemoautotrophs | Autotrophs |
| make their own energy through photosynthesis; ex. plants | phototrophs |
| use inorganic compounds to make organic compounds where sunlight does not reach; bottom silt in a natural waterway smells bad because of the hydrogen sulfite (rotten egg small) produced by chemoautotrophs (produce sulfur dioxide or methane) | chemotrophs |
| process of converting radiant energy into ATP | photosynthesis |
| get their energy through cellular respiration; metabolism | heterotrophs |
| catabolism + anabolism happen simultaneously | metabolism |
| large particles are broken into smaller particles releasing energy (think first few bites of biryani) | catabolism |
| taking broken down particles and uses energy to build larger particles | anabolism |
| the adaptation that is exhibited by living organisms; endospores secrete a membrane to protect themselves; foxes shed their coats in summer and grow them in winter; plants grow towards sunlight | What is the concept of response to stimuli? |
| more permanent internal physiological adaptation; human regulation of constant internal temperature; even cold blooded animals like alligators have a range of internal temperatures that they stay in; pH of your blood is 7.35-7.42; stomach acid is 2 | What is the concept of homeostasis |
| mitotic division | What is the concept of growth? |
| changes in properties of cells (miotic division) | What is the concept of development? |
| growth is the increase of density (more proteins, nutrient products) and development is making new proteins to make new generations) | What is growth and development in a prokaryotic cell? |
| reproduce to prevent extinction; Can also understand that DNA is passed on by morphological traits (physical characteristics and structural features of organisms that are a direct result of the genes they have) | What is the concept of reproduction: heredity? |
| carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids (contain DNA) | Four macromolecules |
| store information, capacity of DNA to unwind and grow (mitotic division), miotic division (have unique quality that your parents don't have), and variation (mutation in prokaryotic lifeforms and genetic recombination in higher eukaryotic lifeforms) | Four properties of genetic material |
| if you get no a treadmill and stand still you're extinct; Glyptodon is very large and slow fossil, extinct ancestor of armadillo (rolls up to protect itself) | Evolution |
| form of organization where each tier gains complexity; organization of biology | Hierarchy |
| anything that has mass and ocupies space | matter |
| basic unit of life | cell is the... |
| each has emergent properties: atoms, molecules, macromolecules, organelles, cells | Cellular levels |
| smallest or simplest building block of matter (not subatomic particles); it has its own chemical and physical properties and it cannot be broken down into new elements with different chemical and physical properties by any physical or chemical means | atoms |
| ex. N2, O2, H2; compounds are not molecules because they have emergent (new) properties (H2O or CO2) | molecules |
| made up of molecules; ex. protein | macromolecules |
| contain macromolecules with a membrane but are only semi-autonomous, still rely on the cell (mitochondria and chloroplast) | organelles |
| Prokaryotic (macromolecules, source of info, encased in a membrane) and Eukaryotic (membrane, nucleus, cytoplasm contained in organelles) | cells |
| cell, tissues, organ, organ system, organism | organism hierarchy |
| cells of the same type doing the same function | tissue |
| tissues of different types that come together to perform one function; ex. brain | organ |
| different organs come together to perform one particular function | organ system |
| all the organ systems function in one unit | organisms |
| organism, species, population, community, ecosystem, biosphere | biosphere hierarchy |
| Organisms of similar genetic makeup that can reproduce | species |
| Members of a particular species who are living in a particular space at a particular time | population |
| The interaction between living things | community |
| interaction between biotic and abiotic factors | ecosystem |
| Interacting with other species in different parts of the world | biosphere |
| Life is subject to chemical and physical laws, structure defines function, living systems transform energy and matter, living systems depend on information transactions, evolution explains the unity and diversity of life | What are the Five Concepts that Unify Biology? |
| physics: law of thermo, gravity.; chem: enzyme kinematics (how enzymes react with our substrate), Law of Mass of Chemicals (chem rx depends on mass of chemical), pH (controls acid/base shape and how reactions take place); laws influence how life works | Life is subject to chemical and physical laws |
| unity: evolution = nature preserves charact. that allow a species to thrive (ex. nitrogenous bases and structure of DNA are same in pro/eu cells); diversity: changing environ & variation is survival; organiz.: arm/leg have diff funcs and diff structures | structure determines function |
| every living being needs energy (every cell and organism) | living systems transform energy and matter |
| we are maintained through the course of evolution by DNA; living things pass on DNA (continuity of life) through generations; source of life allows continuity | living systems depend on information transactions |
| humans evolved from chimps (48 chromosomes); vertical vs. horizontal evolution | evolution explains the unity and diversity of life |
| accumulation of changes over time | evolution |
| tree of life; evolution of one species from its ancestor; driving force is beneficial mutation with natural selection (mutations never work on their own); ex. evolution of homo sapiens from their ancestor | vertical evolution |
| web of life; includes all the different species evolving over time; driving force is genetic recombination (miosis); most common form of prokaryotic cell changes is mutation but web of life can influence changes | horizontal evolution |
| a dangerous bacterium (salmonella) could invade the systems of good bacteria (e coli) w/ pili; this creates a harmful strain of good bacteria, a transformation from non-virulent to virulent strain; any colony that arises will be a transformed strain | Explain why doctors don't want to keep you in the hospital too long (horizontal evolution). |
| cholera is non-virulent bacteria that lives in contaminated water bodies; CTX phi virus inserts genetic material through its pili to become part of cholera's bacterial genome; this bacteria then moves to the human genome through contaminated water (diarr) | Explain how cholera contaminates water sources (horizontal evolution). |
| every time bacteria or virus infects us it changes our genetic makeup (speciation) | Why do we not have the same genes as our ancestors (horizontal evolution)? |
| knowledge gained by observation (curiosity) and reasoning; ex. car breaks down so you check the dash and you begin to question why; leads to probable answers; much of science is purely descriptive | science |
| natural forces acting now have always acted; the fundamental nature of the universe has not changed since its inception | fundamental nature of the universe |
| hypothesis; hypotheses are verified through experimental verification; this leads to a theoretical explanation for nature | observation leads to... |
| applying what you already know (general principles) to make a conclusion | deductive reasoning |
| finding something and you add on too or construct the original set of ideas | inductive reasoning |
| Deductive: going through the known vertebrates you deduce that the platypus is a mammal because it has hair and mammary glands; Inductive: genome analysis --> platypus is a mammal that lays eggs, so you add to the definition that some mammals lay eggs | Platypus example |
| (Tulane) hypothesize based on deductive reasoning and then come up with a possibility to have a new finding; if you prove it, it become inductive reasoning | Basic Research |
| we want to eradicate cancer, we will patent our medicine and give it to industry; they will distribute our drugs | Applied Research |
| I am working on curing Ebola, colleague on curing malaria; by accident I add my product to the malaria plasmodium tubes and it killed the plasmodium; she makes experiment to test the chemical; discovery based research leads to hypothesis based research | Discovery-Based Research |
| only research accepted by the scientific community because of we want proof; observation, hypothesis formation, prediction, experimentation, conclusion | Hypothesis-Driven Research |
| small probs/simple goals; proposed explanation for a natural phenomenon; prediction validates hypothesis (I think it's going to rain because there are dark clouds); disputable; first couple experiments prove prediction, then hypothesis; no bad science | Hypothesis |
| broad body of interconnected concepts to explain facts; disputable; supported by scientific reasoning and experimental evidence | Theory |
| ultimate truth (ex. gravity) | Law |
| tests the hypothesis; consists of experimental treatment and a control group | Experiment |
| the variable of interest is altered to test a particular hypothesis | Experimental Treatment |
| the variable of interest is left unaltered | Control Group |
| what you observe or measure | Dependent Variable |
| what you manipulate in an experiment | Independent Variable |
| 3 groups (5 males 200grams); A: control ensures conditions are the same across all groups; B: 1 tablet of 1 mg glucose on same day at same time every week by gavage (control for effects of handling); C: 1 tablet of chemical x administered the same | Wister rat experiment |
| ensure that any effects of the experiment occurred due to the independent variable and not mishandling | Why are control groups important? |
| Independent: where the mice are released; dependent: rate of predation | What are the independent and dependent variables in the Beach mouse and English mouse experiment |
| opposite of evolution; breaks down complex process to simpler parts; ex. viruses started as single cell and are now just genetic info and proteins | Reductionism/Reductive Evolution |
| examines the whole of a systems as well as the working of the parts; takes systems, learns them, put them together and look at complex interaction. (looking at biological systems that make up an organism) | systems biology |
| research published in science journals is peer reviewed and can be reproduced; challenges may exist in reproducibility due to misuse of stats, scientific fraud, etc. | science as a social construct |
| father of evolution; served as a naturalist on mapping expedition around coast of SA, 30 years studying on Galapagos, published book; saw characteristic of similar species varied from place to place; descent w/ modification or evolution | Charles Darwin |
| Darwin studied how finches had evolved to live on different parts of the island (tree finches had thick short beaks to peck nuts; rocky ground finches had longer, thinner, more flexible beaks to search for food in the cracks) | finches of Galapagos |
| slow increase by a constant factor (add or subtract); food supply | Arithmetic Growth |
| exponential increase (multiply); population | Geometric Growth |
| natural process that selects for certain advantageous traits; those with these traits are more likely to survive and reproduce so frequency of traits increases; the nature of the population changes; chosen by predators, disease, meteors, etc. | Natural Selection |
| pale bugs and dark bugs on a rock; pale bugs will be eaten first so the population will become extinct | example of natural selection |
| fossil records show that transitional forms have been found at predicted positions in time; earliest living organisms 3.54 billion years ago (carbon-dating); earth is 4.54 billion years old (rocks) | Evidence supporting Darwin's theory of "Descent with Modification" |
Created by:
MBarfield