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CS10 Master List
Master vocabulary list for CS10: Introduction to Computer Science
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| decomposition | breaking a problem down into smaller, more specific tasks |
| pattern recognition | analyzing data to find similar things happening over and over |
| abstraction | removing anything but the key details from a problem |
| algorithm design | finite, step-by-step instructions to complete a task |
| debugging | looking at individual components to try to fix a problem trying one thing at a time |
| hardware | physical components of a computer system |
| software | non-physical components of a computer system; programs that users interact with through hardware |
| input (hardware) | hardware that puts data into a computer (keyboard, mouse, etc.) |
| output (hardware) | hardware that puts data out of a computer (monitor, speakers, etc.) |
| CPU (processor) | hardware that serves as the brain of a computer, completes one task per core at a time very quickly |
| GPU (graphics processing unit) | hardware that is a specialized processor that makes the visual outputs of a computer |
| RAM (random access memory) | hardware that serves as short-term memory; stores information the processor needs to complete tasks |
| NIC (network interface card) | hardware that translates data so that it can be sent over a network |
| SSD (solid state drive) | hardware that stores information long-term; fast, but expensive and smaller capacity |
| HDD (hard disk drive) | hardware that stores information long-term; slow, but cheap and higher capacity |
| router | networking hardware that forwards data across a network |
| switch | networking hardware that moves data in a local network |
| internet tower | networking hardware that sends and receives wireless signals |
| server | networking hardware that stores data so it can be accessed by other computers that connect to it |
| ip address | a unique identifier that guides traffic to specific locations on networks |
| bit | the smallest unit of data in computing; 1 or 0 |
| byte | eight bits; can store a single text character |
| packet | a small amount of data that is combined with other packets to create a complete transmission across a network |
| header | part of a packet that contains routing information like the destination and sequence |
| payload | the main part of a packet that contains a message or part of one |
| tcp | Transmission Control Protocol; prioritizes quality/accuracy in transmitting data across a network |
| udp | User Datagram Protocol; prioritizes speed in transmitting data across a network |
| protocol | a set of rules for transmitting data across a network |
| phishing | a scam, usually delivered by email or message, that tries to trick someone into giving up personal information (like a password) by pretending to be a trustworthy source. |
| two-factor authentication | 2FA - a login process that requires two separate proofs of identity (like a password AND a code sent to your phone) instead of just one. |
| virtual private network | Virtual Private Network - a service that encrypts your internet traffic and routes it through a separate server, making it harder for others to see what you're doing online |
| domain name system | DNS - translates human-friendly website names (like www.google.com) into numerical IP addresses (like 8.8.8.8) and vice versa |
| hypertext transfer protocol | HTTP - allows computers to request and share web content, like web page text, images, and videos. |
| GET request | a request your computer sends over the internet to receive information from a website or server |
| POST request | information your computer transmits to websites or servers when you are submitting information to fill out a form or perform a search |
| file transfer protocol | FTP - rules for sending files between computers or between clients and servers |
| IPv4 | an older protocol for ip addressing; maxes out around 4.3 billion addresses |
| IPv6 | a newer protocol for ip addressing; maxes out around 340 undecillion addresses |
| bandwidth | the maximum amount of data that can travel across a connection at once |
| latency | the delay between sending a request on a network and getting a response |
| data streams | data delivered continuously as a steady flow |
| cloud storage | files stored on remote servers owned by a company, reachable from any device with a connection |
| metadata | part of a packet that contains routing information like the destination and sequence |
| body | the main part of a packet that contains a message or part of one |
| malware | any software specifically designed to damage a device, steal data, or gain unauthorized access |
| virus | a type of malware that runs on a computer after a user opens it or tells it to run |
| worm | a type of malware that spreads on infected devices without user action |
| trojan | a type of malware that is disguised as legitimate software; it does what you expect, but in the background it does something else you're not aware of |
| ransomware | a type of malware that encrypts a victim's files and demands payment in exchange for unlocking them |
| spyware | a type of malware that secretly monitors and records a user's activity without their knowledge |
| Distributed Denial of Service attack | DDoS - an attack that floods a server with enormous amounts of traffic from many devices at once until it can't respond |
| man-in-the-middle | an attacker secretly positions themselves between two parties and intercepts the data passing between them |
| SQL injection | typing specially crafted code into a website's input field to make its database reveal or change data |
| social engineering | manipulating people into giving up information or access, rather than breaking through technology |
| firewall | hardware or software that monitors incoming and outgoing network traffic and blocks unauthorized connections |
| antivirus | software that removes viruses and other malware once it has already been installed on a device |
| encryption | scrambling data into a form that cannot be read without the correct key |
| end-to-end encryption | encryption where only the sender and the intended recipient can read the message - nobody in between |
| two-factor authentication | 2FA - a login process requiring two separate proofs of identity (something you have and something you know) instead of just one |
| biometrics | authentication using physical characteristics - fingerprint, face, or voice |
| access control | limiting which people can view or change which data - giving each person only the access they actually need |
| phishing warning signs | sender address doesn't match the real organization; false urgency or threats; generic greeting instead of your name; spelling and grammar errors |
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