What are language disorders?

Any condition resulting in difficulty communicating.

What is Developmental Language Disorder (DLD)?

A language impairment present since birth without a known biological or medical cause.

What does language form include?

Phonology, morphology, and syntax.

What does language content include?

Semantics, including vocabulary and meaning.

What does language use include?

Pragmatics and social communication.

What are receptive language goals?

Identifying, following directions, and answering questions.

What are expressive language goals?

Words/vocalizations, communicative intents, and speech sounds.

Identifies children at risk; does not diagnose.

What is informal assessment?

Uses observation, elicitation, interviews, and clinical judgment.

When are standardized tests useful?

To determine deficits and compare skills to same

Why are standardized tests often used in schools?

To help determine eligibility for services.

Why use informal assessment?

To evaluate children who may not be testable formally and gather functional information.

What are examples of informal assessment?

Observation, elicitation, notes, and parent/teacher interviews.

The actual number correct; do not report it.

What is a standard score?

A score comparing performance to a normative group.

What is a scaled score?

A score typically used for subtests.

What is a percentile rank?

The percentage of people the child scored higher than.

What does the 50th percentile mean?

The child scored higher than 50% of the norm group.

What is an age equivalent?

A score describing the age level associated with performance.

Why are age equivalents less useful?

They are not normed for determining whether a disorder exists.

What is a benefit of standardized tests?

Objective scores for comparison with same

What is another benefit of standardized tests?

They help determine deficits and eligibility for services.

What is a limitation of standardized tests?

They may be culturally or linguistically biased.

What is another limitation?

They may not reflect everyday communication.

Why can standardized tests limit flexibility?

They must follow the manual exactly.

What should client perspectives consider?

Client/family preferences, values, and needs.

What should clinical experience consider?

Clinician training, skills, experience, and values.

based practice use as evidence?

What are receptive language goal areas?

Identifying, following directions, and answering questions.

What are expressive language goal areas?

Words, phrases, semantic relationships, and grammar.

What are examples of grammar targets?

Pronouns, verb tenses, and plurals.

What can overlap receptive and expressive goals?

Spatial concepts and vocabulary.

What is the Zone of Proximal Development?

Skills a child can learn with support.

What are the best ZPD targets?

Skills the child can do sometimes but has not mastered.

What happens if a target is too difficult?

The child is not ready to learn it.

What is the least natural intervention approach?

Drill with an unrelated reinforcer.

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Question	Answer
What are language disorders?	Any condition resulting in difficulty communicating.
What is Developmental Language Disorder (DLD)?	A language impairment present since birth without a known biological or medical cause.
What are the 3 domains of language?	Form, content, and use.
What does language form include?	Phonology, morphology, and syntax.
What does language content include?	Semantics, including vocabulary and meaning.
What does language use include?	Pragmatics and social communication.
What are receptive language goals?	Identifying, following directions, and answering questions.
What are expressive language goals?	Words/vocalizations, communicative intents, and speech sounds.
What is screening?	Identifies children at risk; does not diagnose.
What is formal assessment?	Uses standardized or criterion
What is informal assessment?	Uses observation, elicitation, interviews, and clinical judgment.
When are standardized tests typically used?	Around age 3 and older.
What is generally used under age 3?	Criterion
When are standardized tests useful?	To determine deficits and compare skills to same
Why are standardized tests often used in schools?	To help determine eligibility for services.
Why use informal assessment?	To evaluate children who may not be testable formally and gather functional information.
What are examples of informal assessment?	Observation, elicitation, notes, and parent/teacher interviews.
What is a raw score?	The actual number correct; do not report it.
What is a standard score?	A score comparing performance to a normative group.
What is the average standard score?	100.
What is the typical standard score range?	85–115.
What is a scaled score?	A score typically used for subtests.
What is the average scaled score?	10.
What is the typical scaled score range?	8–12.
What is a percentile rank?	The percentage of people the child scored higher than.
What does the 50th percentile mean?	The child scored higher than 50% of the norm group.
What is an age equivalent?	A score describing the age level associated with performance.
Why are age equivalents less useful?	They are not normed for determining whether a disorder exists.
What percentage falls within 85–115?	About 68%.
What do scores below 85 generally indicate?	Below
What percentage falls within ±2 SDs?	About 98%.
What is a benefit of standardized tests?	Objective scores for comparison with same
What is another benefit of standardized tests?	They help determine deficits and eligibility for services.
What is a limitation of standardized tests?	They may be culturally or linguistically biased.
What is another limitation?	They may not reflect everyday communication.
Why can standardized tests limit flexibility?	They must follow the manual exactly.
What are the 3 components of evidence	based practice?
What should client perspectives consider?	Client/family preferences, values, and needs.
What should clinical experience consider?	Clinician training, skills, experience, and values.
What does evidence	based practice use as evidence?
What format should goals use?	SMART format.
How should goals be organized?	By language domain.
What are receptive language goal areas?	Identifying, following directions, and answering questions.
What are expressive language goal areas?	Words, phrases, semantic relationships, and grammar.
When can grammar typically be targeted?	When MLU is about 3.0.
What are examples of grammar targets?	Pronouns, verb tenses, and plurals.
What can overlap receptive and expressive goals?	Spatial concepts and vocabulary.
What is the Zone of Proximal Development?	Skills a child can learn with support.
What are the best ZPD targets?	Skills the child can do sometimes but has not mastered.
What happens if a target is too difficult?	The child is not ready to learn it.
What is the least natural intervention approach?	Drill with an unrelated reinforcer.
What is the most natural intervention approach?	Self
What comes after drill with an unrelated reinforcer?	Drill with a related reinforcer.
What comes after drill with a related reinforcer?	Storybook reading.
What comes after storybook reading?	Activity using targets.
What comes after activity using targets?	Milieu teaching.
What comes after milieu teaching?	Following the child's lead.
What is child	focused therapy?
What is hybrid therapy?	Combining child
What is clinician	focused therapy?
What is milieu teaching?	A hybrid approach using the environment, modeling, and prompting.
How should clinicians model language?	Use a slow rate and natural prosody.
How should clinicians model sentences?	Use simple, correct sentences just above the child's level.
Why provide repetition?	To give opportunities to hear and practice targets.
Why allow processing time?	Children with DLD may need extra time to respond.
What is the hierarchy of visual cues?	Model → gesture/point → visual cue → independent.
What are the basic stages of play development?	Manipulating → putting in/taking out → functional use → multiple
Should play skills usually have separate goals?	No; embed them into therapy activities.
What should young children in early language stages practice?	Turn
What is family	centered therapy?
What is an IFSP?	An Individualized Family Service Plan for children birth–3 in early intervention.
What is the pre	intentional stage?
What are common SLP areas for newborns/NICU babies?	Feeding, hearing, and family support.
How should premature children be assessed?	Adjust age for prematurity when appropriate.
What is the prelinguistic stage?	Intentional communication before spoken words.
What are signs of intentional communication?	Looking at adults, persisting, and changing another's behavior.
What are common communicative intents?	Requesting, commenting, refusing, greeting, and gaining attention.
What assessments are useful in the prelinguistic stage?	Criterion
What is Prelinguistic Milieu Teaching?	Following the child's lead while controlling the environment to encourage communication.
What are Prelinguistic Milieu Teaching strategies?	Imitate/expand, hold objects near your face, wait for eye gaze, and pause during songs.
What is dialogic book reading?	Interactive book reading that encourages communication.
What is the typical progression of early language?	Single words → 50–100 words → 2
When do first words typically emerge?	Around 1 year.
When do 2	word phrases typically emerge?
When do 3	word phrases typically emerge?
What should be assessed in emerging language?	Frequency, purpose, method, gestures, and communicative intents.
What is the progression for increasing communication?	Gaze → gestures → vocalizations → words.
What is a receptive goal for emerging language?	Object identification or following directions.
What should a language sample analyze?	Words, approximations, sound inventory, and syllable shapes.
What are semantic relations?	Meaning relationships between words in combinations.
What are examples of early semantic relations?	Agent + object and attribute + object.
Why are speech sounds important in emerging language?	Children need sounds to produce words.
What age range is developing language typically focused on?	Preschoolers ages 3–5.
What does combining 3+ words signal?	Developing grammar.
When can standardized testing generally begin?	Around age 3.
What is MLU?	Mean Length of Utterance.
What does MLU measure?	Average number of morphemes per utterance.
What is the MLU formula?	Total morphemes ÷ total utterances.
What counts as 1 morpheme?	Diminutives, reduplications, proper nouns, and single
What are the major language domains assessed informally?	Semantics, morphosyntax, pragmatics, and receptive language.
What does semantics assess?	Vocabulary, word categories, and fast mapping.
What does morphosyntax assess?	Grammar and sentence structure.
What does pragmatics assess?	Social communication.
What does receptive language assessment include?	Directions, concepts, and questions.
What are the three types of pronouns?	Subjective, objective, and possessive.
What are subjective pronouns?	I, he, she.
What are objective pronouns?	Me, him, her.
What are possessive pronouns?	My, his, her.
What verb tenses should you know?	Regular/irregular past, present/3rd person singular, present progressive, and future.
What are present forms of "to be"?	Am, is, are.
What are past forms of "to be"?	Was, were.
What is an auxiliary verb?	A verb that helps another verb.
What is an example of an auxiliary verb?	She is running.
What is a copula?	A verb linking the subject to information.
What is an example of a copula?	She is happy.
What are examples of prepositions?	In, on, under, beside.
What are examples of articles?	A, an, the.
What are examples of other function words?	To, of.
What should you identify in a language sample?	Grammatical errors and missing/incorrect markers.
What is clinician	focused therapy useful for?
What are language facilitation techniques?	Modeling, expanding, and recasting.
What are language elicitation techniques?	Violating expectations, withholding, and waiting.
What is explicit instruction?	Directly teaching targeted skills.
What can explicit instruction target?	Semantics, syntax, and grammar.
What are examples of hybrid approaches?	Script therapy and literature/story
What is cultural competence?	Recognizing cultural/linguistic differences and personal biases.
What is sequential bilingualism?	Learning a second language after the first.
What are normal behaviors in bilingual development?	Silent period, code
What should you assess in an ELL?	Skills in both L1 and L2.
When may a bilingual child have a language disorder?	When difficulties occur in both L1 and L2.
How should ELLs be assessed when possible?	In both languages.
When should an interpreter be used?	When needed for accurate assessment.
What happens if a standardized test is modified?	It is no longer standardized; document the changes.
What does dynamic assessment examine?	How a child learns with support.
What language should families use at home?	The language they are most comfortable using.
What do children need from language models?	Strong language models, not necessarily strong English models.
What is echolalia?	Repeated speech.
Should echolalia be eliminated?	No; focus on functional communication.
What should be considered for minimally verbal children with ASD?	AAC.
Should eye contact be a primary communication goal?	No.
What are examples of evidence	based ASD practices?
What should language facilitation increase in ASD?	Interaction, functional communication, and social communication.
What can behavior communicate?	An unmet need.What are language disorders?
What is Developmental Language Disorder (DLD)?	A language impairment present since birth without a known biological or medical cause.
What are the 3 domains of language?	Form, content, and use.
What does language form include?	Phonology, morphology, and syntax.
What does language content include?	Semantics, including vocabulary and meaning.
What does language use include?	Pragmatics and social communication.
What are receptive language goals?	Identifying, following directions, and answering questions.
What are expressive language goals?	Words/vocalizations, communicative intents, and speech sounds.
What is screening?	Identifies children at risk; does not diagnose.
What is formal assessment?	Uses standardized or criterion
What is informal assessment?	Uses observation, elicitation, interviews, and clinical judgment.
When are standardized tests typically used?	Around age 3 and older.
What is generally used under age 3?	Criterion
When are standardized tests useful?	To determine deficits and compare skills to same
Why are standardized tests often used in schools?	To help determine eligibility for services.
Why use informal assessment?	To evaluate children who may not be testable formally and gather functional information.
What are examples of informal assessment?	Observation, elicitation, notes, and parent/teacher interviews.
What is a raw score?	The actual number correct; do not report it.
What is a standard score?	A score comparing performance to a normative group.
What is the average standard score?	100.
What is the typical standard score range?	85–115.
What is a scaled score?	A score typically used for subtests.
What is the average scaled score?	10.
What is the typical scaled score range?	8–12.
What is a percentile rank?	The percentage of people the child scored higher than.
What does the 50th percentile mean?	The child scored higher than 50% of the norm group.
What is an age equivalent?	A score describing the age level associated with performance.
Why are age equivalents less useful?	They are not normed for determining whether a disorder exists.
What percentage falls within 85–115?	About 68%.
What do scores below 85 generally indicate?	Below
What percentage falls within ±2 SDs?	About 98%.
What is a benefit of standardized tests?	Objective scores for comparison with same
What is another benefit of standardized tests?	They help determine deficits and eligibility for services.
What is a limitation of standardized tests?	They may be culturally or linguistically biased.
What is another limitation?	They may not reflect everyday communication.
Why can standardized tests limit flexibility?	They must follow the manual exactly.
What are the 3 components of evidence	based practice?
What should client perspectives consider?	Client/family preferences, values, and needs.
What should clinical experience consider?	Clinician training, skills, experience, and values.
What does evidence	based practice use as evidence?
What format should goals use?	SMART format.
How should goals be organized?	By language domain.
What are receptive language goal areas?	Identifying, following directions, and answering questions.
What are expressive language goal areas?	Words, phrases, semantic relationships, and grammar.
When can grammar typically be targeted?	When MLU is about 3.0.
What are examples of grammar targets?	Pronouns, verb tenses, and plurals.
What can overlap receptive and expressive goals?	Spatial concepts and vocabulary.
What is the Zone of Proximal Development?	Skills a child can learn with support.
What are the best ZPD targets?	Skills the child can do sometimes but has not mastered.
What happens if a target is too difficult?	The child is not ready to learn it.
What is the least natural intervention approach?	Drill with an unrelated reinforcer.
What is the most natural intervention approach?	Self
What comes after drill with an unrelated reinforcer?	Drill with a related reinforcer.
What comes after drill with a related reinforcer?	Storybook reading.
What comes after storybook reading?	Activity using targets.
What comes after activity using targets?	Milieu teaching.
What comes after milieu teaching?	Following the child's lead.
What is child	focused therapy?
What is hybrid therapy?	Combining child
What is clinician	focused therapy?
What is milieu teaching?	A hybrid approach using the environment, modeling, and prompting.
How should clinicians model language?	Use a slow rate and natural prosody.
How should clinicians model sentences?	Use simple, correct sentences just above the child's level.
Why provide repetition?	To give opportunities to hear and practice targets.
Why allow processing time?	Children with DLD may need extra time to respond.
What is the hierarchy of visual cues?	Model → gesture/point → visual cue → independent.
What are the basic stages of play development?	Manipulating → putting in/taking out → functional use → multiple
Should play skills usually have separate goals?	No; embed them into therapy activities.
What should young children in early language stages practice?	Turn
What is family	centered therapy?
What is an IFSP?	An Individualized Family Service Plan for children birth–3 in early intervention.
What is the pre	intentional stage?
What are common SLP areas for newborns/NICU babies?	Feeding, hearing, and family support.
How should premature children be assessed?	Adjust age for prematurity when appropriate.
What is the prelinguistic stage?	Intentional communication before spoken words.
What are signs of intentional communication?	Looking at adults, persisting, and changing another's behavior.
What are common communicative intents?	Requesting, commenting, refusing, greeting, and gaining attention.
What assessments are useful in the prelinguistic stage?	Criterion
What is Prelinguistic Milieu Teaching?	Following the child's lead while controlling the environment to encourage communication.
What are Prelinguistic Milieu Teaching strategies?	Imitate/expand, hold objects near your face, wait for eye gaze, and pause during songs.
What is dialogic book reading?	Interactive book reading that encourages communication.
What is the typical progression of early language?	Single words → 50–100 words → 2
When do first words typically emerge?	Around 1 year.
When do 2	word phrases typically emerge?
When do 3	word phrases typically emerge?
What should be assessed in emerging language?	Frequency, purpose, method, gestures, and communicative intents.
What is the progression for increasing communication?	Gaze → gestures → vocalizations → words.
What is a receptive goal for emerging language?	Object identification or following directions.
What should a language sample analyze?	Words, approximations, sound inventory, and syllable shapes.
What are semantic relations?	Meaning relationships between words in combinations.
What are examples of early semantic relations?	Agent + object and attribute + object.
Why are speech sounds important in emerging language?	Children need sounds to produce words.
What age range is developing language typically focused on?	Preschoolers ages 3–5.
What does combining 3+ words signal?	Developing grammar.
When can standardized testing generally begin?	Around age 3.
What is MLU?	Mean Length of Utterance.
What does MLU measure?	Average number of morphemes per utterance.
What is the MLU formula?	Total morphemes ÷ total utterances.
What counts as 1 morpheme?	Diminutives, reduplications, proper nouns, and single
What are the major language domains assessed informally?	Semantics, morphosyntax, pragmatics, and receptive language.
What does semantics assess?	Vocabulary, word categories, and fast mapping.
What does morphosyntax assess?	Grammar and sentence structure.
What does pragmatics assess?	Social communication.
What does receptive language assessment include?	Directions, concepts, and questions.
What are the three types of pronouns?	Subjective, objective, and possessive.
What are subjective pronouns?	I, he, she.
What are objective pronouns?	Me, him, her.
What are possessive pronouns?	My, his, her.
What verb tenses should you know?	Regular/irregular past, present/3rd person singular, present progressive, and future.
What are present forms of "to be"?	Am, is, are.
What are past forms of "to be"?	Was, were.
What is an auxiliary verb?	A verb that helps another verb.
What is an example of an auxiliary verb?	She is running.
What is a copula?	A verb linking the subject to information.
What is an example of a copula?	She is happy.
What are examples of prepositions?	In, on, under, beside.
What are examples of articles?	A, an, the.
What are examples of other function words?	To, of.
What should you identify in a language sample?	Grammatical errors and missing/incorrect markers.
What is clinician	focused therapy useful for?
What are language facilitation techniques?	Modeling, expanding, and recasting.
What are language elicitation techniques?	Violating expectations, withholding, and waiting.
What is explicit instruction?	Directly teaching targeted skills.
What can explicit instruction target?	Semantics, syntax, and grammar.
What are examples of hybrid approaches?	Script therapy and literature/story
What is cultural competence?	Recognizing cultural/linguistic differences and personal biases.
What is sequential bilingualism?	Learning a second language after the first.
What are normal behaviors in bilingual development?	Silent period, code
What should you assess in an ELL?	Skills in both L1 and L2.
When may a bilingual child have a language disorder?	When difficulties occur in both L1 and L2.
How should ELLs be assessed when possible?	In both languages.
When should an interpreter be used?	When needed for accurate assessment.
What happens if a standardized test is modified?	It is no longer standardized; document the changes.
What does dynamic assessment examine?	How a child learns with support.
What language should families use at home?	The language they are most comfortable using.
What do children need from language models?	Strong language models, not necessarily strong English models.
What is echolalia?	Repeated speech.
Should echolalia be eliminated?	No; focus on functional communication.
What should be considered for minimally verbal children with ASD?	AAC.
Should eye contact be a primary communication goal?	No.
What are examples of evidence	based ASD practices?
What should language facilitation increase in ASD?	Interaction, functional communication, and social communication.
What can behavior communicate?	An unmet need.

Created by: brimariie

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