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Take-home terms-chem
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Acidosis | medical condition where there is excessive accumulation of acid - pH less than 7 |
| Active Transport | Active (uses ATP energy) movement of molecules or ions across a cell membrane against the concentration gradient. |
| Airways | Passageways through which air moves into and out of the lungs |
| Alkalosis | A high accumulation of bases causing an increase of blood pH - pH greater than 7. |
| Alveoli | Small balloon-like air sacs are present in the lungs where gas exchange occurs |
| Amino Acids | Short-chained organic compounds that build to form proteins. |
| Antibodies (Immunoglobulins) | Part of the immune system response to foreign substances called antigens. Made of protein |
| Aquaporin | Specialised protein channels within cell membranes allow rapid movement of water molecules during osmosis the membrane |
| Atomic Symbol | Quick notation used to express elements of the periodic table. The first letter is always a capital while any second letter is not. |
| Atoms | Basic building blocks consisting of a nucleus with protons and neutrons and electrons in a cloud surrounding the nucleus |
| ATP | Adenosine Triphosphate. Stores and transfers energy for cellular activity. |
| Atrophy | Reduction in size of tissue, organ or cell |
| Bacterium/Bacteria | Single-celled organisms both harmful and helpful dependant on location and function. |
| Basic Ph | A pH value above 7, indicating more hydroxide ions also called alkaline or basic. |
| Benign | Non-malignant tumour or growth |
| Bile Salts | Molecules used to assist in the digestion and absorption of fats and fat-soluble vitamins in the intestine |
| Calcium | Symbol Ca. Used for bone formation, muscle contraction, nerve function |
| Capillaries | Smallest blood vessels |
| Carbohydrates | Compounds consisting of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms |
| Carbon | Symbol C. Large amount in the human body |
| Cell Division | Cellular process with the cell divides into two or more daughter cells. Used in growth or repair of the body |
| Cell Membrane | AKA plasma membrane. Phospholipid bilayer around the cell |
| Cells | Cells make up living things, they carry out biochemical processes necessary to maintain life. |
| Cellular Respiration | Use of glucose and oxygen to produce ATP (energy) |
| Chlorine | Symbol Cl. Used in disinfectants |
| Cholesterol | A lipid molecule used for cell membrane structure and function and in the blood stream. |
| Cilia | Cilia are hair-like structures that move particles across cell, especially in the respiratory tract |
| Compounds | Two or more different elements bonded together |
| Corticosteroids | Adrenal gland produced steroid hormones regulating various physiological processes, such as metabolism, immune response, and electrolyte balance. |
| Covalent Bonds | Bonds formed by electron pairs sharing between atoms |
| Cytoplasm | Gelatinous fluid filling the inside of cells |
| Dehydration | Deficit of water in the body due to inadequate intake or excessive loss of fluids |
| Dissolve | Breaking down of solutes with even distribution in the solution. |
| Duplicated | making an identical copy |
| Electrolytes | Substances essential for various physiological processes such as nerve conduction and muscle contraction |
| Electrons | Negatively charged subatomic particles. |
| Elements | Substance with only one type of atom |
| Endocytosis | process of enveloping substances |
| Endoplasmic Reticulum | An organelle involved in protein synthesis and detoxification of substances within the cell |
| Enzymes (Catalysts) | Biological catalysts that lower the activation energy thereby speeding up chemical reactions. |
| Exocytosis | Process of cells releasing large molecules into the extracellular environment |
| Extracellular Fluid | Fluid found outside cells |
| Facilitated Diffusion | Passive (no energy required) movement (diffusion) of molecules or ions across a cell membrane which is facilitated (assistance) by specific transport proteins. |
| Filtration | The filtering of water and selected solutes across a selectively permeable membrane due to hydrostatic pressure (blood pressure) |
| Flagella/Flagellum | Whip-like structures to allow movement of cell |
| Gas (State Of Matter) | Particles are spaced far apart and can move around freely, filling the entire space. |
| Genetic Material | Genetic material including DNA and RNA |
| Glucose | Used for cellular metabolism. |
| Glycolipids | Lipid molecules present in cell membranes, assist in cell recognition, signalling and maintaining membrane stability |
| Golgi Complex/Apparatus | AKA complex/apparatus. Membrane-bound organelle which processes, sorts and packs proteins in the cell |
| Grow | Increasing in size or number |
| Haemorrhage | AKA Bleeding, escape of blood due to injury or medical condition. |
| Heart Palpitations | Sensations of rapid, fluttering, or pounding caused by various factors |
| Hormones | Chemical messengers from the endocrine glands |
| Hydrogen | Symbol H. Large amount in the human body and highly prevalent in the world |
| Hydrogen Bonds | Weak bonds between a hydrogen atom and another atom such as oxygen or nitrogen |
| Hydrophobic | repellent to water; |
| Hydrostatic Pressure | pressure applied by blood, to blood vessel walls |
| Infection | presence and reproduction of harmful microorganisms |
| Ingestion | the process of taking in food, drink, or other substances |
| Intracellular Fluid | The fluid inside cells. |
| Iodine | Symbol I. Used for thyroid functions. |
| Ionic Bonds | Bonds formed between positively and negatively charged ions |
| Ions | atoms which have gained or lost one of more electrons from an atom. |
| Iron | Symbol Fe. Need for haemoglobin used for oxygen transport |
| Kidneys | organs that filter blood for waste products, excess ions and water responsible. Also involved in regulation of electrolyte balance, blood pressure, and red blood cell production. |
| Lipid Soluble | capacity of a substance to dissolve in lipids or fats. |
| Lipids | Organic compounds such fats, oils, phospholipids, and steroids. Used for energy storage and cell structure |
| Lipoprotein | soluble proteins that transport fats in blood |
| Liquid (State Of Matter) | particles fairly closely packed together but can move past each other |
| Lysosome | membrane-bound organelles which contain digestive enzymes to digest particles |
| Magnesium | Symbol Mg. Used in muscle and nerve function, metabolism and bones |
| Malignant | Cancerous tumour or growth which could spread by invading surround tissues via blood or lymph system |
| Metabolic Acidosis | Excessive production of acid or loss of bicarbonate ions, causing blood pH to decrease. |
| Metabolic Alkalosis | Caused by excessive loss of acid through vomiting or use of diuretics change blood pH |
| Metabolise | Process of converting nutrients into energy and nutrients for cellular functioning |
| Microvilli | Small finger-like projections found in the small intestine's epithelial cells to increase surface area for absorption/secretion |
| Mitochondrion/Mitochondria | A membrane bound organelle responsible for energy production within the cell |
| Molecules | Two or more atoms held together |
| Move | The ability to change position |
| Neoplasms | AKA tumours, abnormal growth of tissue |
| Neurotransmitters | Chemical messengers that transmit signals across synapses to target cells, |
| Neutral Atom | An atom with equal numbers of protons and electrons |
| Neutral Ph | A pH value of 7, which means equal hydroxide and hydrogen ions |
| Nitrogen | Symbol N. Large amount in the human body. |
| Nodular | Formation of small masses (nodules) |
| Nucleus | A membrane-bound organelle containing genetic material (DNA) in eukaryotic cells |
| Nucleus (Atom) | The central core of an atom |
| Organ Failure | When an organ loses its ability to properly function |
| Organelles | Little organs within the cell. They undertake specific functions for cellular needs. |
| Osmosis | Passive water diffusion across the selectively permeable membrane from low solute concentration to high. |
| Particles | Small units of matter, such as atoms, molecules, or ions. |
| Passive Transport | E.g. Diffusion, osmosis and facilitated diffusion. Passive (no ATP) movement of molecules or ions across a cell membrane. |
| pH | pH is a measure of hydrogen ions in a solution The pH scale is measured from 0 to 14, with pH 7 considered neutral |
| Phagocytosis | Immune cells envelope and digest solid particles including bacteria, debris, or cellular waste. |
| Phospholipid Bilayer | The structure of cell membranes consisting of a double layer of phospholipid molecules |
| Phospholipids | Basic structure of the cell membrane is formed by the lipid bilayer. Consists of a hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tails. |
| Phosphorus | Symbol P. Used for metabolism, bone mineralisation and cells |
| Pinocytosis | AKA cell drinking, cells envelope small droplets of extracellular fluid |
| Potassium | Symbol K Used for nerve function, muscles and fluid balance. |
| Prostaglandins | lipid compounds that regulate inflammation, smooth muscle contraction, blood flow, and various physiological processes. |
| Protein Channel | A channel or pore (transmembrane protein) in the cell membrane that allows specific molecules or ions to pass |
| Proteins | One or more chains of amino acids. Proteins are used for structural support, enzyme manufacture, immune responses etc. |
| Protons | Positively charged subatomic particles |
| Reproduce | recreate offspring |
| Respiratory Acidosis | caused by incomplete removal of carbon dioxide by the lungs increase blood carbon dioxide and decreasing pH |
| Respiratory Alkalosis | Caused by hyperventilation, due to too much removal of carbon dioxide, a decrease in blood carbon dioxide and increased blood pH |
| Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) | Part of the ER with ribosomes involved in protein synthesis |
| Saliva | A watery fluid with digestive enzyme produced by salivary glands in the mouth to assist in the digestive process |
| Sex Hormones | Hormones (testosterone and oestrogen and progesterone) that regulate sexual development, reproductive function and sexual characteristics |
| Simple Diffusion | Passive movement down their concentration gradient, without the need for transport proteins, of molecules or ions across a cell membrane. It occurs to equilibrium |
| Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) | Part of the ER that lacks ribosomes. It is used for in lipid synthesis, detoxification of drugs and toxins, and calcium storage. |
| Sodium | Symbol Na, used in nerve function, muscle contraction and fluid balance |
| Sodium/Potassium Pump | A membrane protein that uses active transport (uses ATP) of sodium ions out and potassium ions into cells |
| Solid (State Of Matter) | Particles closely packed together |
| Solute | A substance that is dissolved in a solvent to form a solution. |
| Solution | A homogeneous mixture composed of two or more substances (solutes) evenly distributed in a solvent. |
| Solvent | A solvent that dissolves solutes |
| Starch | A complex carbohydrate |
| Steroids | Lipid-based molecules including hormones cortisol, oestrogen, testosterone and cholesterol |
| Subcutaneous Tissue | Tissue located beneath the epidermal and dermal layers) but above the muscle tissue |
| Sucrose | Glucose + fructose molecules linked together chemically. |
| Sulphur | Symbol S. Required for the synthesis of amino acids and proteins |
| Transport Proteins | Proteins that enable movement across cell membranes or blood stream of ions |
| Transport Vesicle | A membrane-bound sac that transports molecules |
| Triglycerides | 3 fatty chains that form as energy storage in adipose tissue |
| Triglycerides | A major form of energy storage in the body. Present in adipose tissue. |
| Tumours | Abnormal growth of tissue |
| Vitamin A | A fat-soluble vitamin used to support vision, immune function, and foetal cellular differentiation |
| Vitamin D | Mainly synthesised withing skin due to sunlight exposure assisting in calcium and phosphorus metabolism, bone health and immune function. |
| Vitamin E | A fat-soluble vitamin that protects cell membranes from oxidative damage |
| Vitamin K | A fat-soluble vitamin that assists in blood clotting and bone metabolism |
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