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Sociology Ch. 1
Terms, people, ideas
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Sociology | The scientific study of groups in society |
| Social Structure | Rules and institutions that shape how people interact, assign roles, and live together in a society. |
| Perspective | A personal point of view or outlook on life. It shapes how we understand the world and judge importance. |
| Sociological Perspective | Conceptual frameworks used to analyze how human behavior, institutions, and societies function. |
| Social Sciences | Academic fields that study human society, social relationships, and behavior. They attempt to explain how people act, form groups, and build institutions. |
| Conformity | The act of changing your behavior, beliefs, or attitudes to match the norms of a group. |
| Sociological Imagination | The framework for understanding social reality that places personal experiences within a broader social and historical context. |
| Auguste Comte | French philosopher and writer who formulated the doctrine of positivism. |
| Positivism | Philosophical view that states true and valid knowledge comes only from scientific proof, logical reasoning, and direct observation. |
| Social Statics | The order of society. This order includes structural components like the family, government, and economics. |
| Social Dynamics | The study of how people in groups interact, change, and influence each other over time. |
| Harriet Martineau | English social theorist. She wrote from a sociological, holistic, religious and feminine angle. |
| Herbert Spencer | English polymath active as a philosopher, psychologist, biologist, sociologist, and anthropologist. He originated the expression “Survival of the Fittest”. |
| Social Darwinism | 19th Century theory that applied Charles Darwin’s biological concepts of natural selection and survival of the fittest to human societies, economics, and politics. |
| Karl Marx | German philosopher, social and political theorist, economist, and revolutionary socialist. He analyzed class struggle under capitalism and predicted the system overthrow by the proletariat in favor of communism. |
| Bourgeoisie | The class of people that owned the means of production, businesses, and wealth in a capitalist society. |
| Capitalist | A person who invest money in a business to make a profit. |
| Proletariat | The social class of workers who do not own the means of production. They must sell their labor power to survive. They are the exploited masses controlled by the bourgeoisie. |
| Class Conflict | The struggle and economic competition that exists in society between groups with opposing interest, primarily between the wealthy owners of resources and the working class that provide the labor. |
| Emile Durkheim | French sociologist who formally established the academic discipline of sociology. |
| Mechanical Solidarity | Form of social cohesion defined by Emile Durkheim in 1893. It occurs in traditional, pre-industrial societies where people are connected through similar work, shared values, and lifestyle. Unity comes from being alike rather than interdependent. |
| Organic Solidarity | A social bond based on mutual dependence. It happens in modern, complex societies where people have different jobs. The idea was introduced by Emile Durkheim in 1893. |
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