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WVET 222 Test 1
U1&2
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Triple context | Economy, society & environment |
| Influencers of ethical values | - Worldviews - Value systems - Norms |
| Worldview | Framework on a person's convictions & approaches to matters. Fundamental beliefs |
| Why understand worldviews | Solve critical problems in society Understand other people See the bigger picture |
| Function of worldviews | Orientates humans ito reality to make decisions in everyday life, influences norms. |
| Formulation & analysis of worldviews | 1. Existential beliefs 2. Norms & values 3. View of humanity 4. Society 5. Nature 6. Time |
| Existential belief | Metaphysics - belief about reality |
| Norms & values | Epistemology - How we act and purpose in life |
| View of humanity | Anthropology - means to be human |
| Society | Sociology - role & function of society |
| Nature | Physics - Environment |
| Time | Phenomenology - explanation & prediction |
| Worldview categories | Religious (traditional) & Secular (modern) |
| Religious | African; Christian; Islamic; Hindi |
| Secular | Secular humanism; Western worldview; Human rights movement; Feminist |
| Western worldview | Faith: None Norms: Individual interest Humanity: Consumer & individual Society: Individual preference Nature: Separated from humans Time: Commodity; future-oriented |
| African worldview | Faith: God keeps distance, ancestorial guardian Norms: Communal autonomy Humanity: Individualism suppressed Society: Communal duties take preference Nature: overlaps Time: to share; past-oriented |
| Christian worldview | Faith: personal God, He has authority Norms: Heteronomy (force outside individual) Humanity: directed towards serving God; balanced Society: Individual & community Nature: Separated but protected Time: past, future & present equally important |
| Ubuntu | I belong, therefore I am Cares for others & satisfies social obligations |
| Ancestors | Society consists of living & non-living Guardians of morality. Society is judges by ancestorial approval |
| Islamic ethics | Muslim religion Islam means peace Qur'an: scripture; Sharia: Laws They are Allah's representatives, everything should be done is moderation & everything is permissible except what is explicitly banned Mandates action, intentions are not good enough |
| Ideology | Dysfunctional worldview Worldview become too rigid that it motivates an oppressive people |
| Ideology examples | Communism Nazism Apartheid |
| Communism | All property & means of production are owned publicly Loss of freedom, political oppression & dictatorship |
| Nazism | Leader Hitler Believes German is superior race |
| Apartheid | 1948-1991 Segregated population based on race |
| Ethical behaviour | Unselfish nature |
| Organisational/business ethics | ethical decision making for stakeholders & broader society ethics in economic and business context |
| Ethics/morality | accepted, responsible behaviour good for self and good for others |
| Values | Convictions about what is good and desirable Determines our ethical judgement |
| Moral dilemma | Ethical considerations produces conflicting judgements Types: Personal & Social dilemmas |
| Personal moral dilemma | ethical conflict is within a person self |
| Social dilemmas | conflict between different people & groups |
| 3 levels of businesses | Macro: Economic system level - national Meso: Organisational level - relationship with society Micro: Intra-organisational level - within org |
| Ethics vs law | Ethics: internal Law: enforced externally |
| Professiona ethics | Compliance with ethical standards by a profession |
| Virtues | Ethics that result in doing the right deed |
| Ethical relativism | Behaviour is motivated by the behaviour of other people More things become acceptable over time - secular system |
| Philosophical foundations of ethics | Virtue theory (Aristotle) Deotological ethics (Immanuel Kant) Utilitarian ethics (John Stuart Mill) |
| Virtue theory | Person's character matter the most Striving towards your goal will give fulfilment Moral virtues = rationally controlled disposition |
| Deontological ethics | Focus on qualities inherent in ethical action Moral guidance: independent thinking Objective moral law: consider if someone is willing to universalise and make a principle out of proposed action to revere situation (Can action become universal law) |
| Utilitarian ethics | Focuses on consequences of actions Actions are good if they create happiness (Great Happiness principle) |
| Macro ethics | How social, environmental, economic, political and cultural contexts shape our practices |
| Capitalism | trade & industry are controlled by private owners for profit - Adam Smith Strength: Advances society & increases general wealth Weakness: Increase is socio-economic inequality Goves rise to distributive justice |
| Statism | State has centralised control over social & economic affairs - Karl Marx |
| Justice | Legality & equality Before the law, everyone deserves equal respect & equal consideration |
| Distributive justice | fair acquisition, distribution & use of limited resources |
| DJ in utilitarianism | Greatest happiness Deemed just if it promotes oveall societal wellfare |
| DJ in egalitarianism | Fairness principle Deemed just if it benefits the worst-off |
| DJ in libetarianism | Principle of freedom Deemed just if it doesn't interfere with people's freedom |
| South African view on DJ | Those who benefit would prefer libertarianism Those aware of inequalities prefer egalitarianism |
Created by:
CARA.FAURIE