Question 1

Oligomenorrhea

Accepted Answer

decreased menstruation

Question 2

Amenorrhea

Accepted Answer

absence of menstrual cycle

Question 3

Metrorrhagia

Accepted Answer

bleeding between menstrual period/spotting

Question 4

Menorrhagia

Accepted Answer

excessive menstrual bleeding or extended duration or menstrual period

Question 5

Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) signs and symptoms

Accepted Answer

abdominal bloating, breast tenderness, irritability, appetite changes, fatigue, mood swings, and a fear of losing control.

Question 6

Premenstrual syndrome (PMS)

Accepted Answer

∞	Also known as ovarian cycle syndrome
∞	The presence of physical, psychological or behavioral symptoms that regularly occur within the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle and significantly disappear during the remainder of the cycle

Question 7

Premenstrual syndrome (PMS)  S&S occur

Accepted Answer

between ovulation and menstruation

Question 8

Cystocele

Accepted Answer

descent of pelvic organs affecting the bladder

Question 9

Anovulation

Accepted Answer

failure to ovulate

Question 10

Climacteric

Accepted Answer

the time when menses become irregular in both pattern and flow and eventually  ceasing

Question 11

Dowager’s hump

Accepted Answer

a sign of osteoporosis whereas there is loss of height and back pain as the vertebral :column fails to support the upper body in an upright position

Question 12

6)	Dysmenorrhea

Accepted Answer

painful menstruation

Question 13

7)	Dyspareunia

Accepted Answer

painful intercourse

Question 14

8)	Effleurage

Accepted Answer

back massage and soft rhythmic massage of the abdomen to relieve menstrual  discomfort

Question 15

9)	Enterocele

Accepted Answer

descent of pelvic organs affecting the bowel

Question 16

10)	Menarche

Accepted Answer

the onset of menses

Question 17

12)	Menses

Accepted Answer

the menstrual cycle

Question 18

13)	Menstruation

Accepted Answer

shedding of the uterine lining at intervalsa

Question 19

15)	Mittelschmerz

Accepted Answer

a sharp pain in the right or left lower quadrant sometimes felt at midcycle, around the time of ovulation

Question 20

17)	Prolapsed

Accepted Answer

the falling down or displacement of a part or all of an organ

Question 21

18)	Rectocele

Accepted Answer

descent of pelvic organs affecting the rectum

Question 22

2)	Ovarian Cycle Phases

Accepted Answer

Follicular Phase, Luteal Phase

Question 23

Follicular Phase

Accepted Answer

The first 14 days of a 28-day cycle
FSH (Follicle Stimulating Hormone) and LH (Luteinizing Hormone) stimulate the maturation of immature ova in preparation for fertilization
Estrogen peaks when the ovum is released about 14 days before the next period

Question 24

Luteal Phase

Accepted Answer

The 15th to 28th days of the cycle
Blood supply to the uterus increases in preparation for possible implantation of a fertilized ovum
If fertilization and implantation do not occur, the lining of the uterus will degrade and shed during menstruation

Question 25

Primary Infertility

Accepted Answer

the inability of the couple to conceive a child after at least 1 year of active, unprotected sex without use of contraceptives

Question 26

Secondary Infertility

Accepted Answer

the inability to conceive after having once conceived or the inability to maintain pregnancy long enough to deliver a viable infant

Question 27

Infertility Causes

Accepted Answer

Problems with ovulation, An abnormality in the pathway between the cervix and fallopian tube, An abnormality in the endometrium of the uterus or malformation of the uterus

Question 28

Infertility Causes

Accepted Answer

Tumors in the reproductive tract, Vaginal or cervical environment that is inhospitable to sperm motility or viability, Repeated loss of pregnancy

Question 29

In Vitro

Accepted Answer

Woman’s eggs are collected from the ovary, fertilized in the lab and transferred into the uterus at the embryo stage of development

Question 30

Zygote Intrafallopian Transfer

Accepted Answer

After in vitro fertilization, the ovum is placed into the fallopian tube at the zygote stage of development

Question 31

Donor Insemination

Accepted Answer

A donor’s sperm inseminates the woman

Question 32

Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection

Accepted Answer

Injection of one live sperm directly into the mature egg

Question 33

Assisted Reproductive Therapy

Accepted Answer

In Vitro, Zygote Intrafallopian Transfer, Donor Insemination, Intracytoplasmic Sperm injection, surrogate mother

Question 34

Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PDD)

Accepted Answer

a more severe form of PMS

Question 35

Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS) management

Accepted Answer

∞	Lifestyle modification (stress management)
∞	Diet high in vitamin B; limit salt, caffeine and alcohol 
∞	Exercise
∞	Pain management

Question 36

Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS)  cause

Accepted Answer

menstruation

Question 37

Premenstrual Syndrome PMS date collection

Accepted Answer

∞	Weight gain; changes in eating patterns
∞	Bloating
∞	Irritability; moodiness;  fear of losing control of emotions
∞	Fatigue

Question 38

Pelvic Relaxation Syndrome

Accepted Answer

∞	A condition whereas the muscles, ligaments and fascia that support the pelvic floor weaken allowing the pelvic organs to descend toward the vaginal orifice

Question 39

Pelvic Relaxation Syndrome  causes

Accepted Answer

∞	Lack to estrogen causes walls to weaken
∞	Heavy lifting (long term effects)
∞	Chronic constipation
∞	Obesity
∞	Pelvic surgery
∞	Vaginal childbirth

Question 40

Pelvic Relaxation Syndrome data collection

Accepted Answer

∞	Relates to the primary organ involved
∞	Sense of fullness in pelvis
∞	Backache
∞	Stress incontinence

Question 41

Pelvic Relaxation Syndrome Non-surgical management

Accepted Answer

o	Kegel exercise
o	Preventing and treating constipation (Increase fluids and fiber)
o	Avoid heavy lifting and straining
o	Weight control
o	HRT

Question 42

Pelvic Relaxation Syndrome Surgical Management

Accepted Answer

o	Pessary ring
o	Colporrhaphy
o	Hysterectomy

Question 43

c.	Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome

Accepted Answer

∞	A congenital condition in which many cysts develop on one or both ovaries and produce excess estrogen

Question 44

Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome Causes

Accepted Answer

∞	Exact cause is unknown
∞	Thought to be related to excess insulin and heredity

Question 45

c.	Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome Diagnostics

Accepted Answer

∞	High level of testosterone and luteinizing hormone
∞	Low levels of follicle-stimulating hormone

Question 46

Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome Data Collection

Accepted Answer

∞	Irregular menses
∞	Infertility
∞	Hyperinsulinemia and glucose intolerance

Question 47

Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome Management

Accepted Answer

∞	Oral contraceptives to inhibit LH and testosterone production
∞	Surgical removal of cysts may be necessary
∞	If pregnancy is desired, ovulation-stimulating medications are prescribed

Question 48

Dysfunctional Uterine Bleeding

Accepted Answer

Uterine bleeding that occurs at times other than the normal menstrual cycle or abnormal bleeding during menstruation

Question 49

Dysfunctional Uterine Bleeding consist of

Accepted Answer

o	Oligomenorrhea
o	Amenorrhea
o	Metrorrhagia
o	Menorrhagia
o	Abnormal uterine bleeding is uterine bleeding NOT related to the menstrual period
	Often caused by anovulation and failure of hormonal changes during menstrual cycle

Question 50

Dysfunctional Uterine Bleeding causes

Accepted Answer

∞	Trauma
∞	Hormonal changes
∞	Chronic disease
∞	Drug side effects
∞	Poor nutrition
∞	Drug/Alcohol abuse
∞	Structural anomalies

Question 51

Dysfunctional Uterine Bleeding Diagnostic

Accepted Answer

∞	Patient presentation as well as signs and symptoms
∞	CT/Biopsy

Question 52

e.	Leiomyoma (Uterine Fibroids)

Accepted Answer

∞	Benign tumors of the uterine myometrium (smooth muscle)

Question 53

e.	Leiomyoma (Uterine Fibroids) Diagnostic

Accepted Answer

∞	US
∞	Cytology to rule out cancer

Question 54

e.	Leiomyoma (Uterine Fibroids) Data Collection

Accepted Answer

∞	Heavier, prolonged periods
∞	Pelvic pain and pressure
∞	Polyuria
∞	Painful intercourse

Question 55

e.	Leiomyoma (Uterine Fibroids) Management

Accepted Answer

∞	Frequently resolve on own post-menopausally
∞	Myomyectomy
∞	Hysterectomy
∞	Gonadotropin-releasing hormone antagonist
∞	Uterine artery embolization – obstructing the blood flow to the area causes degeneration

Question 56

Endometriosis

Accepted Answer

∞	Abnormal proliferation of uterine endometrial tissue outside the uterus

Question 57

Endometriosis causes

Accepted Answer

Retrograde menstruation: menstrual blood containing endometrial cells flows back through the fallopian tubes and into the pelvic cavity, Immune system disorders, Transportation of endometrial cells to other parts of the body, Surgical scare formation

Question 58

Endometriosis Diagnostic

Accepted Answer

∞	Pelvic and rectal examination – discovery of tender nodules
∞	Laparoscopy for definitive diagnosis
∞	CT/US to determine location and extent prior to doing invasive testing

Question 59

Endometriosis Data Collection

Accepted Answer

∞	May be asymptomatic
∞	Symptoms depend on site of implantation
∞	Pelvic pain especially during or before menstruation
∞	Dyspareunia
∞	Painful defecation
∞	Abnormal uterine bleeding
∞	Hematuria or Dysuria
∞	Flank pain (if bladder involved)

Question 60

Endometriosis Management

Accepted Answer

∞	Non-Surgical/Non-Invasive
o	Androgen suppression therapy
o	Progestins
o	Gonadotropin-releasing hormone antagonist
o	Oral contraceptives
∞	Surgical/Invasive
o	Laparoscopic surgery
o	Hysterectomy

Question 61

Vulvitis

Accepted Answer

inflammation of the vulva: Irritation of the vulva

Question 62

Vulvitis Causes

Accepted Answer

∞	Infections esp Trichomonas
∞	Irritants – urine, feces, vaginal discharge
∞	Chemicals such a laundry detergent, vaginal sprays, perfumes
∞	Carcinoma

Question 63

Vulvitis Diagnostics

Accepted Answer

∞	Vulvar smear  or biopsy
∞	Patient presentation

Question 64

Vulvitis Data Collection

Accepted Answer

∞	Pruritus which is more acute at night and highly aggravated by warmth
∞	Reddened, possible ulcerated tissue
∞	Pain
∞	Dysuria
∞	Exudative lesions
∞	Dyspareunia

Term	Definition
Oligomenorrhea	decreased menstruation
Amenorrhea	absence of menstrual cycle
Metrorrhagia	bleeding between menstrual period/spotting
Menorrhagia	excessive menstrual bleeding or extended duration or menstrual period
Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) signs and symptoms	abdominal bloating, breast tenderness, irritability, appetite changes, fatigue, mood swings, and a fear of losing control.
Premenstrual syndrome (PMS)	∞ Also known as ovarian cycle syndrome ∞ The presence of physical, psychological or behavioral symptoms that regularly occur within the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle and significantly disappear during the remainder of the cycle
Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) S&S occur	between ovulation and menstruation
Cystocele	descent of pelvic organs affecting the bladder
Anovulation	failure to ovulate
Climacteric	the time when menses become irregular in both pattern and flow and eventually ceasing
Dowager’s hump	a sign of osteoporosis whereas there is loss of height and back pain as the vertebral :column fails to support the upper body in an upright position
6) Dysmenorrhea	painful menstruation
7) Dyspareunia	painful intercourse
8) Effleurage	back massage and soft rhythmic massage of the abdomen to relieve menstrual discomfort
9) Enterocele	descent of pelvic organs affecting the bowel
10) Menarche	the onset of menses
12) Menses	the menstrual cycle
13) Menstruation	shedding of the uterine lining at intervalsa
15) Mittelschmerz	a sharp pain in the right or left lower quadrant sometimes felt at midcycle, around the time of ovulation
17) Prolapsed	the falling down or displacement of a part or all of an organ
18) Rectocele	descent of pelvic organs affecting the rectum
2) Ovarian Cycle Phases	Follicular Phase, Luteal Phase
Follicular Phase	The first 14 days of a 28-day cycle FSH (Follicle Stimulating Hormone) and LH (Luteinizing Hormone) stimulate the maturation of immature ova in preparation for fertilization Estrogen peaks when the ovum is released about 14 days before the next period
Luteal Phase	The 15th to 28th days of the cycle Blood supply to the uterus increases in preparation for possible implantation of a fertilized ovum If fertilization and implantation do not occur, the lining of the uterus will degrade and shed during menstruation
Primary Infertility	the inability of the couple to conceive a child after at least 1 year of active, unprotected sex without use of contraceptives
Secondary Infertility	the inability to conceive after having once conceived or the inability to maintain pregnancy long enough to deliver a viable infant
Infertility Causes	Problems with ovulation, An abnormality in the pathway between the cervix and fallopian tube, An abnormality in the endometrium of the uterus or malformation of the uterus
Infertility Causes	Tumors in the reproductive tract, Vaginal or cervical environment that is inhospitable to sperm motility or viability, Repeated loss of pregnancy
In Vitro	Woman’s eggs are collected from the ovary, fertilized in the lab and transferred into the uterus at the embryo stage of development
Zygote Intrafallopian Transfer	After in vitro fertilization, the ovum is placed into the fallopian tube at the zygote stage of development
Donor Insemination	A donor’s sperm inseminates the woman
Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection	Injection of one live sperm directly into the mature egg
Assisted Reproductive Therapy	In Vitro, Zygote Intrafallopian Transfer, Donor Insemination, Intracytoplasmic Sperm injection, surrogate mother
Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PDD)	a more severe form of PMS
Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS) management	∞ Lifestyle modification (stress management) ∞ Diet high in vitamin B; limit salt, caffeine and alcohol ∞ Exercise ∞ Pain management
Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS) cause	menstruation
Premenstrual Syndrome PMS date collection	∞ Weight gain; changes in eating patterns ∞ Bloating ∞ Irritability; moodiness; fear of losing control of emotions ∞ Fatigue
Pelvic Relaxation Syndrome	∞ A condition whereas the muscles, ligaments and fascia that support the pelvic floor weaken allowing the pelvic organs to descend toward the vaginal orifice
Pelvic Relaxation Syndrome causes	∞ Lack to estrogen causes walls to weaken ∞ Heavy lifting (long term effects) ∞ Chronic constipation ∞ Obesity ∞ Pelvic surgery ∞ Vaginal childbirth
Pelvic Relaxation Syndrome data collection	∞ Relates to the primary organ involved ∞ Sense of fullness in pelvis ∞ Backache ∞ Stress incontinence
Pelvic Relaxation Syndrome Non-surgical management	o Kegel exercise o Preventing and treating constipation (Increase fluids and fiber) o Avoid heavy lifting and straining o Weight control o HRT
Pelvic Relaxation Syndrome Surgical Management	o Pessary ring o Colporrhaphy o Hysterectomy
c. Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome	∞ A congenital condition in which many cysts develop on one or both ovaries and produce excess estrogen
Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome Causes	∞ Exact cause is unknown ∞ Thought to be related to excess insulin and heredity
c. Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome Diagnostics	∞ High level of testosterone and luteinizing hormone ∞ Low levels of follicle-stimulating hormone
Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome Data Collection	∞ Irregular menses ∞ Infertility ∞ Hyperinsulinemia and glucose intolerance
Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome Management	∞ Oral contraceptives to inhibit LH and testosterone production ∞ Surgical removal of cysts may be necessary ∞ If pregnancy is desired, ovulation-stimulating medications are prescribed
Dysfunctional Uterine Bleeding	Uterine bleeding that occurs at times other than the normal menstrual cycle or abnormal bleeding during menstruation
Dysfunctional Uterine Bleeding consist of	o Oligomenorrhea o Amenorrhea o Metrorrhagia o Menorrhagia o Abnormal uterine bleeding is uterine bleeding NOT related to the menstrual period  Often caused by anovulation and failure of hormonal changes during menstrual cycle
Dysfunctional Uterine Bleeding causes	∞ Trauma ∞ Hormonal changes ∞ Chronic disease ∞ Drug side effects ∞ Poor nutrition ∞ Drug/Alcohol abuse ∞ Structural anomalies
Dysfunctional Uterine Bleeding Diagnostic	∞ Patient presentation as well as signs and symptoms ∞ CT/Biopsy
e. Leiomyoma (Uterine Fibroids)	∞ Benign tumors of the uterine myometrium (smooth muscle)
e. Leiomyoma (Uterine Fibroids) Diagnostic	∞ US ∞ Cytology to rule out cancer
e. Leiomyoma (Uterine Fibroids) Data Collection	∞ Heavier, prolonged periods ∞ Pelvic pain and pressure ∞ Polyuria ∞ Painful intercourse
e. Leiomyoma (Uterine Fibroids) Management	∞ Frequently resolve on own post-menopausally ∞ Myomyectomy ∞ Hysterectomy ∞ Gonadotropin-releasing hormone antagonist ∞ Uterine artery embolization – obstructing the blood flow to the area causes degeneration
Endometriosis	∞ Abnormal proliferation of uterine endometrial tissue outside the uterus
Endometriosis causes	Retrograde menstruation: menstrual blood containing endometrial cells flows back through the fallopian tubes and into the pelvic cavity, Immune system disorders, Transportation of endometrial cells to other parts of the body, Surgical scare formation
Endometriosis Diagnostic	∞ Pelvic and rectal examination – discovery of tender nodules ∞ Laparoscopy for definitive diagnosis ∞ CT/US to determine location and extent prior to doing invasive testing
Endometriosis Data Collection	∞ May be asymptomatic ∞ Symptoms depend on site of implantation ∞ Pelvic pain especially during or before menstruation ∞ Dyspareunia ∞ Painful defecation ∞ Abnormal uterine bleeding ∞ Hematuria or Dysuria ∞ Flank pain (if bladder involved)
Endometriosis Management	∞ Non-Surgical/Non-Invasive o Androgen suppression therapy o Progestins o Gonadotropin-releasing hormone antagonist o Oral contraceptives ∞ Surgical/Invasive o Laparoscopic surgery o Hysterectomy
Vulvitis	inflammation of the vulva: Irritation of the vulva
Vulvitis Causes	∞ Infections esp Trichomonas ∞ Irritants – urine, feces, vaginal discharge ∞ Chemicals such a laundry detergent, vaginal sprays, perfumes ∞ Carcinoma
Vulvitis Diagnostics	∞ Vulvar smear or biopsy ∞ Patient presentation
Vulvitis Data Collection	∞ Pruritus which is more acute at night and highly aggravated by warmth ∞ Reddened, possible ulcerated tissue ∞ Pain ∞ Dysuria ∞ Exudative lesions ∞ Dyspareunia
Vulvitis Management	∞ Oral or topic antiinfectives/antibiotics ∞ Steroids
Bartholin Cyst/Abscess	infection of the great vestibular gland causing cyst or abscess formation (Glandular obstruction secondary to infection)
Bartholin Cyst/Abscess cause	most common STI
Bartholin Cyst/Abscess Diagnostic	∞ Patient presentation ∞ Examination of gland ∞ C&S
Bartholin Cyst/Abscess Data Collection	∞ May be asymptomatic ∞ Cyst/Abscess ∞ Pain ∞ Erythema ∞ Tenderness ∞ Swelling
2) Bartholin Cyst/Abscess Management	∞ Warm soaks or sitz bath ∞ I&D
3) Vaginitis	inflammation of vagina
Vaginitis Patho	Overgrowth of organisms change pH of vaginal secretions causing disruption of normal flora
vaginitis Causes	∞ STIs ∞ Chronic disease such as diabetes, carcinoma
Vaginitis Diagnostics	∞ Patient presentation ∞ Wet smear (KOH)
Vaginitis Data Collection	∞ May be asymptomatic in early stage ∞ Vaginal itching, irritation and burning ∞ Increased odor; unusual vaginal discharge ∞ Dyspareunia, dysuria
Vaginitis Management	∞ Oral or topical antiinfectives ∞ May need estrogen replacement for chronic/recurring vaginitis
Toxic Shock Syndrome (TSS)	∞ A rare, life-threatening complication due to a systemic bacterial invasion entering through the reproductive system
Toxic Shock Syndrome (TSS) causes	∞ Staphylococcus Aureus ∞ Strept A ∞ Use of tampons has contributed to TSS; however, due to new manufacturing, the incidence has significantly decreased
Toxic Shock Syndrome (TSS) Diagnostic	∞ No definitive test ∞ Primarily based on patient presentation as well as patient history
Toxic Shock Syndrome (TSS) Data Collection	∞ Sudden high fever ∞ Hypotension ∞ Vomiting, diarrhea ∞ Palmar and Planter rash ∞ Muscle aches ∞ Headache ∞ Redness of eyes, mouth and throat
Toxic Shock Syndrome (TSS) Management	∞ Treat patient as if experiencing septic shock  Fluids  Vasopressors  Glycemic control  Hemodynamic resuscitation
Cancer of the Female Reproductive Tract Types	o Vulvar Cancer o Cervical Cancer o Uterine Cancer o Ovarian Cancer
Cancer of the Female Reproductive Tract routine nursing care	o Support – counseling, lifestyle modification, relationship therapy o Chemotherapy o Radiation o Pain management o Immunity/Prevention of secondary infection o Prevent complications
Breast Disorders	Fibroadenoma, Intraductal Papilloma, Fibrocystic Breast Changes
• Fibroadenoma	a solid, noncancerous breast tumor
• Intraductal Papilloma	a solid, noncancerous breast tumor in the milk duct
• Fibrocystic Breast Changes	o The most common benign breast lesion usually discovered during breast exam o Diagnosis is made by patient presentation and biopsy o Treatment includes surgical removed, decreasing or eliminating caffeine and medication to suppress menses
• Breast Cancer Patho	A malignant tumor that starts in the cells of the breast and invades the surrounding tissues spreading to distant areas of the body
Breast Cancer Causes	 Family history of breast cancer or previous breast cancer  Early menarche or late menopause  Heavy/excessive radiation to the chest  Nulliparity  Obesity
Breast Cancer diagnostics	 Mammogram  Breast ultrasound  Breast MRI  Nipple discharge exam  Ductal lavage and nipple aspiration  Breast biopsy  Fine needle aspiration biopsy, core needle biopsy or lymph node biopsy
Breast Cancer Management Non-surgical	 Chemotherapy  Radiation  Hormonal manipulation (Tamoxifen)
Breast Cancer Medical Interventions	a. D&E b. Conical Excision c. Fistulectomy d. Hysterectomy e. Panhysterectomy f. Salpingectomy g. Oophorectomy h. Vulvectomy i. Breast Reconstruction
Androgens	any steroid that promotes male characteristics
Cremasteric reflex	retraction of the testicles when the inner thigh is stroked; ABSENT in testicular torsion
3) Ejaculation	ejection of the seminal fluid from the male urethra
4) Impotence	inability of the male to achieve or maintain an erection
5) Infertility	the inability to produce offspring
6) Libido	the conscious or unconscious sexual drive
7) Rugae	ridges or folds on a mucous membrane
8) Urodynamics	urine pressure flow study
D. The Male Reproductive System Routine Nursing assessment	 Focus on urinary flow  Identify any lesions  Address pain  Inquire about prostate health and erectile function
Erectile Dysfunction (ED)	inability to develop or maintain an erection of the penis
Erectile Dysfunction (ED) patho	∞ Decreased contraction of the cavernosal smooth muscles
Erectile Dysfunction (ED) causes	∞ Drugs – antidepressants, nicotine, antihypertensives ∞ Psychological influences – stress, anxiety, fear ∞ Aging ∞ Chronic disease – kidney failure, HTN, DM, MS, prostate cancer
Erectile Dysfunction (ED) Diagnostics	∞ Patient presentation ∞ Duplex US to determine blood flow
Erectile Dysfunction (ED) Data Collection	∞ Patient verbalization of inability to develop or maintain erection
Erectile Dysfunction (ED) management	∞ Identify and treat underlying cause ∞ Penile pump or implant ∞ Phosphodiesterase Type 5 Inhibitors (PDE5 Inhibitors) – Viagra, etc
b. Hydrocele	painless buildup of watery fluid around one or both testicles
b. Hydrocele patho	∞ Imbalance of scrotal fluid production and absorption
b. Hydrocele causes	∞ In most cases, the cause is unknown ∞ Newborn = may be an opening between the abdomen and the scrotum ∞ Later in life = surgery, trauma, infection
b. Hydrocele Diagnostics	∞ Patient presentation ∞ Transillumination of testicles
b. Hydrocele Data Collection	∞ Usually painless ∞ Testicular/Scrotal swelling ∞ Redness ∞ Feeling of pressure at base of penis
b. Hydrocele management	∞ Elevation ∞ In some cases, fluid aspiration is necessary
c. Varicocele	enlargement of the veins within the scrotum
c. Varicocele- patho	∞ Dilation and clumping of the tributary vessels (vessels that supply and support) the spermatic vein
c. Varicocele causes	∞ Unclear but usually involves the left side testicle ∞ Improper vein functioning ∞ Anatomic asymmetries ∞ “Nut Cracker” effect – compression of the left renal vein and left spermatic vein
c. Varicocele diagnostic	∞ Patient presentation ∞ Scrotal US
c. Varicocele data collection	∞ A lump on one side ∞ Mild swelling ∞ Enlarged, twisted veins in the scrotum
c. Varicocele management	∞ Not always treated ∞ Varicocelectomy ∞ Varicocele emobolization
d. Testicular Torsion patho	∞ Rotation of the testicle which twists the spermatic cord that brings blood to the scrotum
d. Testicular Torsion causes	∞ Can be spontaneous = more during sleep ∞ Activity ∞ Injury
d. Testicular Torsion diagnostic	∞ Patient presentation ∞ Scrotal US
d. Testicular Torsion data collection	∞ Sudden pain in the scrotum with swelling ∞ Abdominal pain ∞ Nausea, vomiting ∞ Testicle that is positioned higher than normal or at an unusual angle
d. Testicular Torsion management	∞ This is a surgical emergency if not reduced manually
e. Priapism	prolonged erection of the penis
e. Priapism patho	∞ Blood trapped within the penis
e. Priapism causes	Blood flow out of the penis Disease Related: Sickle cell anemia or leukemia Meds: PDE5 inhibitors, antidepressants or psychotics; can be coumadin or heparin Illicit drugs injected directly into the penis Injury especially a spinal cord injury
e. Priapism diagnostics	∞ Blood gas measurement to determine level of oxygen deprivation to tissue ∞ RBCs ∞ US
e. Priapism Data Collection	∞ Patient presentation (PAIN) ∞ Sustained erection
e. Priapism management	∞ Aspiration ∞ Alpha-adrenergics (phenylephrine) ∞ Surgery
Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH)	enlargement of the prostate causing urinary symptoms
f. Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH) patho	∞ As the body ages, prostatic tissue forms nodules becoming spongy and thick leading to urethra compression
f. Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH) causes	∞ Exact unknown ∞ Presence of estrogen, growth hormone
f. Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH) diagnostic	∞ Digital rectal exam of the prostate ∞ Urinalysis ∞ PSA ∞ Urodynamics ∞ Cystourethroscopy
f. Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH) data collection	∞ Initially, no symptoms but progresses as the condition worsens ∞ Hesitancy, decrease in size and force of urinary stream ∞ Terminal dribbling, sensation of incomplete emptying ∞ Urgency, frequency, nocturia
f. Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH) management	Meds: Flomax, Hytrin or Proscar to relax smooth bladder muscles TURP or laser vaporization
• Epididymitis	inflammation of the epididymis
• Epididymitis patho	∞ The infective organism travels upward through the urethra and ejaculatory ducts and along the vas deferens to the epididymis
• Epididymitis causes	∞ Usually follows an STI or UTI
• Epididymitis diagnostic	∞ Patient presentation with signs and symptoms ∞ Gram stain with C&S
• Epididymitis data Collection	∞ Unilateral scrotal pain and tenderness ∞ Edema, redness and tenderness of the scrotum ∞ Dysuria, frequency, hematuria ∞ Fever, nausea, vomiting ∞ Pyuria, bacteriuria, leukocytosis
• Epididymitis management	∞ Antimicrobial and antibiotic therapy ∞ Pain management ∞ Bedrest with scrotal elevation
• Orchitis	inflammation of the testicles
• Orchitis patho	∞ Bacterial invasion leading to the epididymis and testicles
• Orchitis diagnostic	∞ STI screening ∞ Urinalysis ∞ Testicular US
• Orchitis data collection	∞ Tenderness in the scrotum as well as the testicles ∞ Dysuria ∞ Painful ejaculation and blood in the semen ∞ Enlarged prostate ∞ Swollen lymph nodes in the groin ∞ Fever
• Orchitis management	∞ No treatment for viral orchitis ∞ Bacterial is treated with antibiotics, NSAIDS and cold packs ∞ Avoid unprotected sex
• Orchitis causes	most common is mumps (viral) but can also be bacteria
• Prostatitis	inflammation of the prostate gland
• Prostatitis patho	∞ Reflux of infected urine into ejaculatory and prostatic ducts
• Prostatitis causes	∞ Secondary to urethritis ∞ Bacteria (gram negative (pseudomonas)) or gram positive (staph or strept)
• Prostatitis diagnostics	∞ C&S as well as WBC ∞ Rectal exam to discriminate from BPH
• Prostatitis data collection	∞ Fever, chills and malaise ∞ Frequency, dysuria, nocturia, urgency, hematuria ∞ Pain in the perineum, rectum, lower back, lower abdomen and penile head ∞ Pain after ejaculation
• Prostatitis management	∞ Antimicrobial & antibiotic therapy ∞ Prostate massage except in cases of acute prostatitis
Cancer of the Male Reproductive Tract types	o Testicular Cancer o Penile Cancer o Prostate Cancer
h. Cancer of the Male Reproductive Tract routine nursing care	o Support – counseling, lifestyle modification, relationship therapy o Chemotherapy o Radiation o Pain management o Immunity/Prevention of secondary infection o Prevent complications o Bladder training
h. Cancer of the Male Reproductive Tract other interventions	 Vasectomy  Prostectomy
E. Sexually Transmitted Infections 1) Common Diagnostics	 Urinalysis  Culture & Sensitivity
E. Sexually Transmitted Infections common nursing diagnosis	 Knowledge Deficit  Anxiety  Pain  Fear  Noncompliance  Infection

Acute CARE 2

Nursing care of patients with a Reproductive alteration

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