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Inflammatory conditi
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Acute Pericarditis Think: Inflamed pericardium. | Classic Symptoms * Sharp, stabbing chest pain * Worse when lying flat * Worse with deep inspiration * Better when sitting up and leaning forward ⭐ High-yield clue: Pain improves when leaning forward. Physical Exam * Pericardial friction rub (scratchy, |
| Treatment of pericarditis | Treatment * NSAIDs * Colchicine * Steroids if indicated |
| Pericardial Effusion Think: Fluid around the heart. | The fluid may be: * Blood * Serous fluid * Pus * Malignant fluid |
| S/s Pericardial Effusion | Symptoms Often mild unless the effusion becomes large. You may see: * Dyspnea * Chest discomfort * Fatigue Large effusions can progress to tamponade. |
| 3. Cardiac Tamponade Think: The heart is being squeezed. | The pressure from fluid prevents the ventricles from filling during diastole. |
| S/s Cardiac Tamponade | Beck’s Triad (must know!) 1. Hypotension 2. Jugular venous distention (JVD) 3. Muffled heart sounds If you see these three together, think tamponade. |
| Other findings of cardiac tamponade | Other Findings * Tachycardia * Pulsus paradoxus (>10 mmHg drop in systolic BP during inspiration) * Narrow pulse pressure * Shock Echo Right atrial or right ventricular diastolic collapse is a classic finding. |
| Treatment of cardiac tamponade | Treatment 🚨 Emergency pericardiocentesis |
| Tension Pneumothorax is similar to cardiac tamponade What are some finding | Tension Pneumothorax * Absent breath sounds on one side * Tracheal deviation (late finding) * Hyperresonance on the affected side |
| The memory trick for pericarditis,pleural effusion and tamponade | Memory Trick ❤️ Pericarditis = Pain 💧 Pericardial Effusion = Fluid 🫀 Tamponade = Pressure |
| Cardiac Output (CO) is: | How much blood leaves the heart every minute. CO = Heart Rate × Stroke Volume Example: HR = 70 beats/min SV = 70 mL CO ≈ 4.9 L/min If the heart becomes weak: Stroke volume falls. Then cardiac output falls. That’s why patients become: * Cold * Weak |
| PAWP (Pulmonary Artery Wedge Pressure) | The left side of the heart is backed up. Normal PAWP About 6–12 mmHg High PAWP Think: * Pulmonary edema * Left-sided heart failure * Cardiogenic shock Memory tip: PAWP = Pressure backing up into the lungs. |
| LVEDP = Left Ventricular End-Diastolic Pressure | Ask yourself: How much pressure is inside the left ventricle right before it squeezes? “End-diastolic” means the ventricle has finished filling but has not yet contracted. |
| Memory tip for LVEDP | LVEDP = Pressure inside the LV before it pumps. |
| Ejection Fraction (EF) | This is the percentage of blood the LV ejects with each beat. |
| Every cardiac disease is really a story about blood flow. | |
| Tell me what the story about what the blood is doing. | “What is the blood doing?” Every cardiac disease is really a story about blood flow |
| Story of ❤️ Heart Failure | HF: Blood can’t get out. It backs up into the lungs. Pressure increases. The patient becomes short of breath. |
| Story of 🫀 Cardiac Tamponade | Cardiac tamponade: The heart can’t fill. If it can’t fill, it can’t pump. Blood backs up into the veins (JVD). Blood pressure drops because very little blood leaves the heart. |
| Story of 🩸 Hypovolemic Shock | Hypovolemic shock: There isn’t enough blood returning to the heart. Less filling → less stroke volume → lower cardiac output. |
| What does this mean: “The SVR is elevated.” | think: “The body is clamping down the blood vessels to maintain blood pressure because it senses poor perfusion.” |
Created by:
Remarkable RN