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Ch 38 - 42 NELDA
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Radiation Founding Fathers | Wilhelm Röntgen discovered X-rays (1895). Otto Walkhoff took the first dental radiograph. C. Edmund Kells introduced dental radiographs to the US and used them clinically. |
| Parts of dental x-ray machine | Tubehead (houses x-ray tube, oil, transformers), Extension Arm (houses electrical wires, allows positioning), Control Panel (regulates time, mA, kVp). |
| Anode vs Cathode | Cathode is the negative electrode containing tungsten filament to produce electrons via thermionic emission. Anode is the positive electrode containing tungsten target to convert electrons into photons. |
| Filament vs Target | Filament (tungsten wire in cathode) heats up to release electron cloud. Target (tungsten disk in anode) stops high-speed electrons to convert kinetic energy into 99% heat and 1% X-radiation. |
| Three types of radiation | Primary (direct useful beam from target), Secondary (created when primary beam interacts with matter), Scatter (form of secondary radiation deflected in all directions). |
| Radiolucent vs Radiopaque | Radiolucent structures are dark/black because X-rays pass through dense tissue (pulp, decay). Radiopaque structures are light/white because X-rays are absorbed (enamel, bone, metal restorations). |
| Kilovoltage vs Milliamperage | Kilovoltage (kVp) controls quality/penetrating power of X-ray beam and contrast. Milliamperage (mA) controls quantity/number of X-rays produced and overall density. |
| Density vs Contrast | Density is overall darkness/blackness of image. Contrast is difference in degree of blackness/whiteness between adjacent areas (high contrast = short scale/black & white; low contrast = long scale/shades of gray). |
| Electrons, Photons, Matter, Energy | Electrons are negatively charged subatomic particles. Photons are bundles of light/radiation energy with no mass. Matter is anything occupying space. Energy is the ability to do work. |
| Image Receptors - Types | Direct Digital (sensors like CCD/CMOS), Indirect Digital (PSP/Phosphor Storage Plates), and Traditional Film (direct exposure intraoral film). |
| CCD Sensor vs PSP Plates | CCD (Charge-Coupled Device) is a direct digital sensor connected via wire/wireless to computer. PSP (Phosphor Storage Plate) is indirect, reusable plate scanned via laser to create digital image. |
| Receptor Holders | Devices used to position and hold image receptors parallel or stationary in patient's mouth (e.g., XCP instrument, Snap-A-Ray, bite-blocks). |
| PID vs Collimator vs Aluminum Filter | PID (Position Indicating Device) aims central ray. Collimator restricts size/shape of beam (lead plate). Aluminum Filter removes long-wavelength, low-energy X-rays. |
| Types of Radiographs | Periapical (shows root apex and surrounding bone), Bitewing (shows crowns and crestal bone of both arches), Occlusal (shows large areas of maxilla or mandible). |
| Informed Consent & Patient Communication | Informed consent requires explaining purpose, benefits, risks, and alternatives before exposure. Patient communication must be clear, professional, and empathetic to build trust. |
| Quality Assurance & Monitoring | Quality assurance consists of procedures ensuring high-quality images and minimal exposure, including daily equipment checks, stepwedge testing, and operator monitoring badges (dosimeters). |
| Infection Control & Barriers | Use CDC guidelines: clean/disinfect non-critical surfaces, use plastic barriers on tubehead, PID, control panel, and sensors; sterilize reusable beam alignment devices (XCPs). |
| Liability & Negligence | Liability refers to legal responsibility of dental personnel. Negligence occurs when dental treatment falls below standard of care (e.g., failing to take necessary diagnostic radiographs). |
| Paralleling vs Bisecting Technique | Paralleling: receptor is parallel to long axis of tooth; central ray perpendicular to both. Bisecting: receptor touches tooth at angle; central ray directed perpendicular to imaginary bisector line. |
| Equipment - XCPs vs Snap-A-Ray | XCP (Extension Cone Paralleling) uses aiming rings, indicator arms, and bite-blocks for accurate alignment. Snap-A-Ray (Eezee-Grip) is a simple bisecting holder that grips receptor. |
| Intraoral Imaging Errors | Overlap = incorrect horizontal angulation. Elongation = insufficient/under-angulated vertical angle. Foreshortening = excessive/over-angulated vertical angle. Conecut = central ray not centered on receptor. |
| Interproximal & Contact Area | Interproximal refers to space between two adjacent tooth surfaces. Contact area is exact point on mesial/distal surface where adjacent teeth in same arch touch. |
| Alveolar Bone & Crestal Bone | Alveolar bone supports and encases roots of teeth. Crestal bone is most coronal portion of alveolar bone located between adjacent teeth. |
| Long Axis of Tooth & Central Ray | Long axis is imaginary line dividing tooth vertically into equal right/left halves. Central ray is central, primary portion of X-ray beam emitting from PID. |
| Lateral Cephalostat, Panoramic, CBCT | Lateral Cephalostat shows skull profile for ortho. Panoramic shows entire maxilla/mandible on single film. CBCT (Cone Beam CT) provides 3D images of hard tissue structures. |
| Extraoral Terminology | Focal Trough = 3D curved zone where structures are imaged clearly in panoramic. Frankfort Plane = line from orbitale to porion (parallel to floor). Midsagittal Plane = divides face into equal left/right halves (perpendicular to floor). |
| Tomography & Imaging Types | Tomography is an imaging technique showing a single plane/slice of tissue while blurring other planes. Intraoral images are placed inside mouth; Extraoral images are placed outside mouth. |
| Lead Apron & Thyroid Collar | Lead apron protects reproductive and blood-forming tissues from scatter radiation. Thyroid collar protects thyroid gland (used for intraoral, NOT panoramic images). |
| Panoramic Errors - Chin Position | Chin Too High = exaggerated "frown" smile line, hard palate superimposes roots. Chin Too Low = exaggerated "smile" line, hyoid bone superimposes, mand incisors blurred. |
| Panoramic Errors - Bite Block & Spine | Patient Too Far Forward = skinny/narrow anterior teeth. Patient Too Far Back = wide/fat anterior teeth. Slouched Spine = radio-opaque ghost pyramid image of spine down center. |
| Panoramic Errors - Tongue & Jewelry | Tongue Not on Roof of Mouth = dark radiolucent shadow over apices of maxillary teeth. Jewelry Left On = ghost images (radiopaque shadows reflected on opposite side). |
Created by:
Cocoalover