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ESS
Earth and Space Scie
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Cold front | is when a cold air mass pushes under a warm air mass. usually come with brief, heavy rain or thunderstorms. |
| Warm front | is when a warm air mass slides over a colder air mass. accompanied by light, and steady rain or snow. |
| Stationary Front | is when both air masses do not move much. can cause cloudy skies and rain that could last for many days. |
| Occluded Front | when a cold front catches up to a warm front, lifting the warm air off of the ground. can cause clouds, rain, and sometimes strong winds. |
| Low-Pressure System | The air rises. Rising air cools and forms clouds. Usually brings rain, snow, storms, and windy weather. Associated with cyclones. Converges at the surface. |
| High-Pressure System | Air sinks. Sinking air warms and dries out. It usually brings clear, sunny, calm weather. Associated with anticyclones. Diverges at the surface |
| Cyclone | Air pressure: Low |
| Anticyclone | Air pressure: High |
| Terrestrial Planets | Mercury Venus Earth Mars |
| Core | The center of the sun, where nuclear fusion happens |
| Radiative Zone | Energy from the core travels outward as radiation |
| Convection Zone | Heat is carried by convection currents |
| Photosphere | The visible surface of our Sun |
| Chromosphere | A thin layer above the photosphere |
| Corona | The sun’s outer atmosphere |
| Earth's layers | Crust, Mantle, Outer Core, Inner Core |
| Crust | where we live |
| Mantle | Made of magma. Convection currents in the mantle move tectonic plates, causing earthquakes and volcanoes |
| Outer core | Made of liquid iron and nickel The movement of the liquid metal creates Earth’s magnetic field |
| Inner Core | The center of Earth Made of solid iron and nickel |
| Spring Tides | Highest high tides and lowest low tides Occur during: New Moon Full Moon |
| Neap Tides | Smaller difference between the high and low tides Occur during First Quarter Moon Third Quarter Moon (Last) |
| New Moon | Moon is between Earth and the Sun; not visible. |
| Waxing | A small lit part of the moon is growing |
| Waning | More than half is lit, but shrinking |
| First Quarter | Right half of moon is lit |
| Third quarter | Left half is lit |
| Igneous Rocks | Magma cools underground or on the surface to form certain sized crystals depending on how quickly they cooled and where |
| Sedimentary Rocks | Weather breaks rocks into sediments. Erosion moves the sediments. Deposition drops the sediments. Compaction squeezes them together. Cementation glues them into rock |
| Metamorphic Rocks | Formed when existing rocks change because of intense heat and pressure, but do not melt. |
| The Rock Cycle | Magma cools → Igneous Weathering + erosion + deposition + compaction + cementation → Sedimentary Heat + pressure → Metamorphic Melting → Magma (which can cool again into igneous rock) |
| Porosity | the amount of empty space in a rock or soil. |
| Permeability | how easily water can flow through a rock or soil. |
| Photosynthesis | the process where plants use sunlight to turn water and carbon dioxide into food and oxygen. |
| Renewable Resources | they will be replaced by nature as they are used |
| Subsidence | the sinking or lowering of land on Earth's surface. |
| Non-renewable Resources | they cannot be easily replaced at a pace that keeps up with consumption |
| Carbon cycle | movement of carbon atoms between oceans, rocks, atmosphere, ice, living organisms. |
| Greenhouse Effect | traps long wavelength, infrared radiation given off by the surface of earth |
| Warm currents make climate | warmer and wetter |
| Cold currents | make climate colder and drier |
| Positive feedback mechanism | ice melts, albedo decreases (less reflective), darker surface is exposed and absorbs |
| Density | is the amount of matter in a given space. |
| Doppler Effect | the apparent change in wavelengths of light when an object is moving toward or away from us. |
| Red Shift happens when | an object is moving away from us |
| Blue Shift happens when | an object is moving toward us |
| Universe is | 13.77 bil years old |
| Sun is fusing | hydrogen (H) into helium (He) |
| Exoplanet | a planet orbiting a star other than our Sun |
| Moon phases are caused by | revolution of the moon and the changing positions of the earth, moon, and sun. |
| Lunar eclipse occurs when | the moon moves into Earth's shadow. |
| Earth (and Sun and solar system) formed | 4.6 billion years ago |
| Oceans formed | 3.8 BYA |
| Hurricanes | Low pressure storm system |
| Minerals are identified based on their | chemical and physical properties. |
| Luster = | way a mineral reflects light; |
| Fracture | breaks on uneven surfaces |
| Cleavage | breaks on smooth surfaces |
| Low specific heat = | fast temp change (seen in costal areas) |
| When a stream enters a lake or ocean | the largest sediments are deposited first |
| youngest to oldest stars | protostar, main sequence stars, giants/supergiants, white dwarfs |
| Aerosols... | block sunlight, cause cooler climates |
| pollutants cause | more acidity, and sometimes acid rain! |
| acid rain ____ plants | KILLS |
| depostion | The act of dropping or leaving behind dirt, rock, or sand |
| sea floor spreading | a geologic process where tectonic plates split apart at divergent boundaries beneath the ocean |
| the solar system developed from | a rotating cloud of gas and dust that collapsed under gravity |
| meteorites provide clues bc... | they have not changed a lot since the solar system has formed |
| early earth was largely | molten |
| heavy materials like iron and nickel ____ to form the core | sank |
| lighter materials ____ to form the crust | rose |
| ancient zircon crystals show that | liquid water existed on Earth more than 4 billion years ago |
| the moon likely formed when | a mars sized object struck earth when earth was young |
| much of earth's earliest rock record was destroyed by... | plate tectonics, erosion, weathering, and volcanism |
| impact craters form when | asteroids or comets strike a planet's surface |
| large impacts on our earth can... | bring dust or particles into the air and block sunlight, resulting in a cooler climate |
| radioactive decay is when | unstable isotopes release particles and energy to become more stable |
| a half-life is | the time needed for half of the remaining parent isotope to decay |
| Pangea was | 250 mya |
| constructive processes | build new landforms or minerals |
| destructive processes | wear away, recycle or remove landforms or minerals |
| scientists study earths interior by | investigating s-waves from earthquakes |
| radioactive decay drives | mantle convection |
| hardness is | how a mineral resists to scratching and how it ranks on the hardness scale form talc to diamond (hardest) |
| weathering breaks rocks into | smaller pieces |
| mechanical weathering changes rock ___ only | size |
| chemical weathering changes | minerals and their composition |
| frost wedging happens when | water freezes, expands and widens cracks |
| well sorted sediments ____ permability | increase |
| poorly sorted sediments do what to permeability | decrease it |
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