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AP world unit 0
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Legalism | A political philosophy that emphasized strict laws, harsh punishments, and strong government control; used during the Qin Dynasty. |
| Confucianism | A philosophy based on the teachings of Confucius (Kong Fuzi) that stressed morality, family loyalty, respect for elders, and proper behavior; used from the Han Dynasty onward. |
| Bureaucracy | A system of organized government officials and departments that carry out the laws and policies of the state. |
| Conscription | Mandatory military service required by the government, usually of peasants. |
| Civil service exam | A system of tests used to select government officials based on knowledge of Confucian texts; allowed for some social mobility by promoting merit over birthright. |
| Patriarchy | A social system where men hold authority over women in the family and society; deeply embedded in Confucian values, which emphasized male dominance and female obedience. |
| Mandate of heaven | The belief that a ruler's right to govern comes from divine approval; if a ruler was just and moral, they kept the Mandate. |
| Filial piety | In Confucian thought, one of the virtues to be cultivated is love and respect for one's parents, elders, and ancestors. |
| Dar al -islam | An Arabic term meaning the "House of Islam," referring to lands under Islamic rule. |
| Ummah | The global Muslim community of believers. |
| Caliphate | An Islamic empire ruled by a caliph. |
| Hajj | A pilgrimage to Mecca performed as a religious duty by Muslims. |
| Dhimmi | Literally "people of the book"; applied to Jews and Christians living under Islamic rule, later extended to Zoroastrians, Hindus, and Buddhists. |
| Mosque | an islamic house of worship |
| Minarets | Towers attached to mosques from which the call to prayer is traditionally made. |
| Jizya | A poll tax paid by non-Muslims living within a Muslim empire. |
| Zoroastrianism | A religion that developed in ancient Persia emphasizing the struggle between the forces of good and evil, with good ultimately triumphing. |
| City-State | A city with political and economic control over the surrounding countryside. A system of government in which the ruler inherits the throne and exercises nearly complete political power. |
| Absolute-monarchy | A system of government in which the ruler inherits the throne and exercises nearly complete political power. |
| Egalitarian | A belief or attitude that emphasizes equality among all people. |
| Secular | Concerned with worldly rather than religious or spiritual matters. |
| Democracy | A system of government in which power is held by the people, typically exercised through elected representatives. |
| Oligcarchy | A government ruled by a small group of powerful people. |
| Centralized government | A government in which power is concentrated in a central authority to which local governments are subject. |
| Tribute | Money, goods, or services paid by one state to another in return for protection or recognition. |
| Ashoka | The Mauryan ruler who conquered much of India but later embraced Buddhism and renounced violence. |
| Caste system | A Hindu social class system that controlled many aspects of daily life. |
| Missionaries | People who work to spread their religious beliefs. |
| Agrarian | Relating to farming, agriculture, or the cultivation of land. |
| Hierarchy | A system in which people or groups are ranked according to status or authority. |
| Disapora | The dispersion or scattering of people from their homeland. |
| Artistocracy | A government in which power is held by a hereditary ruling class or nobility. |
| Assimilate | To absorb fully into another culture or society; to adopt another group's customs or traditions. |
| Hegemony | The political, economic, or cultural dominance of one state or group over others. |
| Vernacular | The everyday language spoken by ordinary people. |
| Sinification | The adoption of Chinese culture by other societies, especially Korea, Japan, and Vietnam. |
| INdigenous | Native to a particular region or place. |
| Matrillineal | Relating to a social system in which descent and inheritance are traced through the mother's family. |
| Infrastructure | The basic physical and organizational structures, such as roads, buildings, and utilities, needed for a society to function. |
| Pastoral | Relating to a rural way of life, especially herding livestock. |
| Homoegenous | Consisting of people or things that are all of the same kind. |
| Nomadic | Moving from place to place rather than living permanently in one location. |
| Stratification | A structured ranking of groups within a society that results in unequal wealth, power, or status. |
| Subordinate | Lower in rank, authority, or position. |
| Syncretism | The blending or merging of different beliefs, cultures, or religious practices. |
| Commerce | The buying and selling of goods and services. |
| Mercenaries | Foreign soldiers hired to fight for money. |
| Abbasid Caliphate | The Islamic dynasty descended from Muhammad's uncle al-Abbas that overthrew the Umayyads and ruled from Baghdad (750–1258 CE). |
| Sunni | The largest branch of Islam, whose followers recognize the first four caliphs as Muhammad's rightful successors. |
| Shia | The branch of Islam whose followers believe Ali and his descendants were the rightful successors to Muhammad. |
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