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Lymphatic System
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| what is lymph? | Tissue (interstitial fluid) that has entered a lymphatic capillary. |
| What are lacteals? | specialized vessels in the small intestine that transport absorbed fats (lipids). |
| What do lymph nodes help defend against? | pathogens and toxins |
| where are lymphatic capillaries NOT found? | the central nervous system |
| what prevents backflow in lymphatic vessels? | one-way valves |
| what is the largest lymphatic collecting duct? | the thoracic duct |
| what does the right lymphatic duct drain? | the right side of the head and neck, right arm, and right thorax |
| what is tissue fluid made of? | water and dissolved substances that leave blood capillaries by filtration and diffusion |
| why don't large plasma proteins leave blood capillaries? | they are too large to pass through capillary walls |
| what force pulls fluid back into blood capillaries? | plasma colloid osmotic pressure |
| what is edema? | accumulation of lymph/tissue fluid in interstitial spaces due to impaired lymph flow |
| what helps move lymph through lymphatic vessels? | skeletal muscle contractions, breathing movements, smooth muscle contractions, and massage |
| what does MALT stand for? | mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue |
| what are the 3 major encapsulated lymphatic organs? | lymph nodes, thymus, and spleen |
| what is the main function of lymph nodes? | filter lymph and remove pathogens and debris |
| what is immune serveillance? | monitoring body fluids for pathogens, toxins, and cancer cells |
| what cells attack viruses and disease-causing organisms? | lymphocytes |
| what cells engulf and destroy foreign particles? | macrophages |
| in what organ do t cells mature? | the thymus |
| what hormone is secreted by the thymus? | thymosin |
| what is the largest lymphatic organ? | the spleen |
| what is the major difference between the spleen and a lymph node? | the spleen contains blood; lymph node contains lymph |
| what are pathogens? | disease-causing agents |
| what are the body's first line defenses? | Skin and mucous membranes |
| what are the 4 signs of inflammation? | redness, swelling, heat, and pain |
| what is the purpose of inflammation? | to stop the spread of pathogens and infection |
| name 2 chemical barriers of innate immunity? | stomach acid (HCl) and enzymes such as lysosome and pepsin |
| what are interferons? | hormone-like peptides that block viral replication and slow tumor growth |
| what is complement? | plasma proteins that stimulate inflammation, enhance phagocytosis, and destroy pathogens |
| how do natural killer cells kill infected cells? | by releasing perforins that lyse cell membranes |
| what is phagoctosis? | engulfment and digestion of pathogens and debris |
| which cells are the most active phagocytes? | neutrophils and monocytes |
| what is diapedesis? | white blood cells squeezing through capillary walls into tissues |
| what is chemotaxis? | attraction of phagocytes to chemicals released by damaged tissue |
| how does fever help the body fight infection? | it creates a hostile environment for pathogens and increases phagocytic activity |
| what is adaptive immunity? | specific immune defense against particular antigens |
| what is an antigen? | a substance that triggers an immune response |
| where do t cells mature? | thymus |
| where do b cells mature? | red bone marrow |
| what % of circulating lymphocytes are t cells? | about 70- 80% |
| what % of circulating lymphocytes are b cells? | about 20-30% |
| what does APC stand for? | antigen presenting cell |
| what does MHC stand for? | major histocompatibility complex |
| what is the job of helper t cells? | release cytokines and activate other white blood cells |
| what is the job of cytotoxic t cells? | destroy virus-infected and cancerous cells |
| what is the job od memory t cells? | provide a rapid response to future exposure to the same antigen |
| what is the function of regulatory/suppressor t cells? | turn off the immune response when the threat is gone |
| what do plasma cells produce? | antibodies (immunoglobins) |
| what are memory b cells? | long-lives cells that respond rapidly to repeat antigen exposure |
| what is the most abundant antibody? | IgG |
| which antibody is the major secretory antibody? | IgA |
| which antibody contains anti a and anti b blood antibodies? | IgM |
| which antibody function in b cell activation? | IgD |
| which antibody is associated with allergies? | IgE |
| what are the 3 antibody actions? | direct attack, complement activation and stimulation of local inflammation |
| what is a primary immune response? | the body's first response to an antigen |
| what is a secondary immune response? | a faster, stronger response to a previously encountered antigen |
| what is active immunity? | immunity produced by your own immune system |
| what is passive immunity? | immunity gained from antibodies produced by another source |
| what is naturally acquired active immunity? | immunity gained through infection and recovery |
| what is artificially acquired active immunity? | immunity obtained through vaccination |
| what is naturally acquired passive immunity? | antibodies passed from mother to baby |
| what is artificially acquired passive immunity? | injection of antibodies |
| most important lymphatic vessel? | thoracic duct |
| largest lymphatic organ? | spleen |
| t cells mature where? | thymus |
| b cells mature where? | red bone marrow |
| antibody for allergies? | IgE |
| most abundant antibody? | IgG |
| what causes swelling in edema? | accumulation of lymph/tissue fluid in interstitial spaces |
Created by:
mimistudies