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Forensics
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is forensic science | any science that is used to solve crimes, with its result being used in the court of law. |
| Locard’s Exchange Principle | whenever two objects come into contact, they always transfer material between each other |
| What steps are taken at a crime scene to prevent contamination? | Physical barrier, not touching or moving the body, special overalls and overshoes, approach the site on the same route as first on the scene, sometimes duck boards are used to approach the scene. |
| Why are photos and drawings done at the crime scene? | they help the court understand the crime without the ability to actually see it, to give an accurate record of how the scene was left by the criminal, including places of all evidence. can also be used for evaluation of witness statements. |
| What is the difference between contact evidence and trace evidence? | contact evidence describes any material shifted between people, objects, or locations during an interaction. Trace evidence is a subset of this, and is tiny physical material transferred between people, objects, or a crime scene during an interaction. |
| What tools and techniques are used by forensic scientists? | PCR and Gel Electrophoresis, fingerprint analysis, crime scene sketches. Fingerprint supplies, kit to collect blood and bodily fluids, laser, magnifying glass. |
| What is DNA? | the genetic material for all living things, that provides instructions for every part of organisms. |
| What is DNA made up of? | nucleotides |
| How have the tools and techniques used by forensic scientists changed over the years and why? | Due to growing technology. Introduction of DNA profiling. Less reliance on eyewitness reports, with the technology used to identify traces left by the criminal. |
| Structure of a nucleotide. | Phosphate, deoxyribose, nitrogenous base. |
| The nitrogenous bases that are in DNA | Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, Guanine |
| How is DNA used to assist in solving crimes? | can be used to identify whether suspects were at the crime scene, clearing innocent people, and identifying unknown suspects through online databases. |
| What is PCR? | A technique used to copy small pieces of DNA millions or billions of times. |
| Why would scientists use PCR? | to quickly make millions or billions of copies of a single specific DNA sample. This then allows the DNA to go on to be tested and profiled. |
| What are the stages of PCR? | Denaturation(95°), annealing(50-65°), Extension(72°), Repeat. |
| What happens in each of the stages of PCR? | Denaturation(95°)- separate DNA into single strands annealing(50-65°)- primers bind to complementary sequences to mark the start point of copying. Extension(72°)- polymerase attaches to each priming site and extends to create a new strand. Repeat |
| Scientists may also use a process known as gel electrophoresis. What is this used for? | This is used to create DNA profiling by sorting fragments of DNA by size using Gel and an electrical current. |
| How does this technique work? Explain the steps involved. | this works as DNA has a negative charge, attracting it to move towards the positive side of the chamber, with smaller fragments moving faster and larger fragments moving slower. Yes i know. |
| How to interpret the band results | by comparing the final positions of the bands against those in other lanes. and sometimes a DNA ladder (with known sizes.) |
| How to use a micropipette. | yes |
| Other than in a forensic Science, what is another situation in which gel electrophoresis would be used. | ;detection of genetic disorders, paternity/ancestry tests |
| What samples could a forensic scientist collect that would contain DNA? | blood, skin cells, hair, teeth, bone, and saliva. |
Created by:
chloesloan13