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Stack #4697272
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is an ulcer? | An open sore. |
| What is a peptic ulcer? | An acid-and-pepsin-damaged sore in the stomach or duodenum. |
| What makes an ulcer “peptic”? | It occurs where acid and the digestive enzyme pepsin can damage tissue. |
| What is peristalsis? | Automatic muscle waves that push food through the digestive tract. |
| What is the memory trick for peristalsis? | “Squeeze and push.” |
| Is peristalsis voluntary? | No. It occurs automatically without conscious control. |
| What is chyme? | Acidic, semi-liquid food produced in the stomach. |
| What is bile? | A liver-made, gallbladder-stored digestive fluid that breaks fat into smaller droplets. |
| Where is bile produced? | The liver. |
| Where is bile stored? | The gallbladder. |
| What does bile do to fat? | It emulsifies fat by breaking large globules into smaller droplets. |
| Does bile digest fat chemically? | No. It physically emulsifies fat so enzymes can digest it more easily. |
| What are micelles? | Bile-coated fat packages that transport lipids to intestinal cells. |
| What is the memory trick for micelles? | “Micelles are miniature fat-delivery vehicles.” |
| What is the enteric nervous system? | The digestive tract’s own nerve network, called the “gut brain.” |
| What does ENS stand for? | Enteric nervous system. |
| What does the enteric nervous system control? | Digestion, intestinal movement, secretions, and local blood flow. |
| What are the Islets of Langerhans? | Endocrine pancreatic cell clusters that release hormones into the blood. |
| What is another name for the Islets of Langerhans? | The endocrine pancreas. |
| What major hormones do the pancreatic islets release? | Insulin, glucagon, somatostatin, pancreatic polypeptide, and ghrelin. |
| What is a cyst? | A closed sac containing fluid, air, or other material. |
| What is Crohn’s disease? | Patchy, full-wall inflammation that can affect any part of the digestive tract. |
| Where can Crohn’s disease occur? | Anywhere from the mouth to the anus. |
| How deeply does Crohn’s inflammation extend? | Through the entire bowel wall. |
| What pattern does Crohn’s disease produce? | Patchy inflammation with healthy sections between diseased sections. |
| What are major Crohn’s complications? | Fistulas, strictures, and bowel obstructions. |
| What is the memory trick for Crohn’s disease? | “Crohn’s can crawl anywhere and cut deep.” |
| What is ulcerative colitis? | Continuous inner-lining inflammation limited to the colon and rectum. |
| Where does ulcerative colitis occur? | Only in the colon and rectum. |
| How deeply does ulcerative colitis usually extend? | It mainly affects the bowel’s inner lining. |
| What pattern does ulcerative colitis produce? | Continuous inflammation without healthy gaps. |
| What is a common ulcerative-colitis symptom? | Bloody diarrhea. |
| What is the memory trick for ulcerative colitis? | “UC means Unbroken inflammation in the Colon.” |
| Crohn’s disease vs ulcerative colitis: location? | Crohn’s can occur anywhere; ulcerative colitis is limited to the colon and rectum. |
| Crohn’s disease vs ulcerative colitis: pattern? | Crohn’s is patchy; ulcerative colitis is continuous. |
| Crohn’s disease vs ulcerative colitis: depth? | Crohn’s affects the full wall; ulcerative colitis mainly affects the inner lining. |
| What is a fistula? | An abnormal tunnel connecting two body parts. |
| What is the memory trick for fistula? | “Fistula = false tunnel.” |
| What is a stricture? | Abnormal narrowing of a body passage, such as the intestine. |
| What is a bowel obstruction? | A blockage that prevents intestinal contents from moving forward. |
| What is pruritus? | Itching. |
| What is the memory trick for pruritus? | Imagine a cat saying “prrr” while scratching. |
| What is flatulence? | Gas released from the digestive tract. |
| What is the memory trick for flatulence? | “Flatus = fart.” |
| What is a chemoreceptor? | A sensory receptor that detects chemicals. |
| What is the memory trick for chemoreceptor? | “Chemical detector.” |
| What is vertigo? | A false sensation that you or your surroundings are spinning. |
| Is vertigo simply dizziness? | No. Vertigo specifically involves a false sense of movement or spinning. |
| What is nosocomial? | Acquired in a hospital or another healthcare facility. |
| What is the memory trick for nosocomial? | “Nosocomial = hospital-acquired.” |
| What is incontinence? | Loss of bladder or bowel control. |
| What is the memory trick for incontinence? | “Incontinence = cannot contain it.” |
| What is emesis? | Vomiting. |
| What is the memory trick for emesis? | “Emesis = emptying the stomach.” |
| What is an emetic? | A substance that causes vomiting. |
| What is an antiemetic? | A medicine that prevents or relieves nausea and vomiting. |
| Emetic vs antiemetic? | An emetic causes vomiting; an antiemetic prevents or relieves it. |
| What is an analgesic? | A drug that relieves pain without necessarily removing sensation. |
| What does analgesic literally mean? | “Without pain.” |
| What are the word roots of analgesic? | Greek an- means “without”; algos means “pain.” |
| What is an anesthetic? | A drug that removes sensation and may also cause unconsciousness. |
| What does anesthetic literally mean? | “Without sensation.” |
| What are the word roots of anesthetic? | Greek an- means “without”; aisthēsis means “sensation.” |
| Analgesic vs anesthetic? | An analgesic reduces pain; an anesthetic removes sensation. |
| What is a sedative? | A drug that calms and reduces activity or alertness. |
| What is the etymology of sedative? | Latin sedare means “to calm or settle.” |
| What is a hypnotic? | A drug that produces or helps maintain sleep. |
| What is the etymology of hypnotic? | Greek Hypnos means “sleep.” |
| Sedative vs hypnotic? | A sedative calms; a hypnotic specifically promotes sleep. |
| What is an anxiolytic? | A drug that reduces anxiety. |
| What does anxiolytic literally mean? | “Anxiety-loosening.” |
| What is the memory trick for anxiolytic? | “It loosens anxiety.” |
| What is an amnestic? | A drug that causes memory loss or prevents new memories from forming. |
| What is the etymology of amnestic? | Greek amnēsia means “forgetfulness.” |
| What is tranquilization? | Producing a mentally calm or peaceful state. |
| What is the master distinction among these drug effects? | Analgesic: no pain; anesthetic: no sensation; sedative: calmer; hypnotic: asleep; anxiolytic: less anxious; amnestic: no memory. |
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