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wgu d574
Neuropsych
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| what happens when a resting potential is disrupted? | When the resting potential is disturbed, it meets the threshold, and an action potential ensues. |
| what happens when an action potential occurs? | sodium ion channels in the cell membrane open, allowing the ions to enter the cell, rapidly depolarizing the cell. |
| explain deploarization: | neuron is negatively charged at resting state. When it receives a signal, positive ions enter the neuron making it less negative. If the charge is strong enough an action potential occurs. |
| what does it mean to be hyperpolarized? | hyperpolarization makes a neuron less likely to fire a signal. Inhibitory. |
| The more positive the more... | chance of an action potential |
| posterier | rear |
| what happens when a resting potential is disrupted? | When the resting potential is disturbed, it meets the threshold, and an action potential ensues. |
| what happens when an action potential occurs? | sodium ion channels in the cell membrane open, allowing the ions to enter the cell, rapidly depolarizing the cell. |
| explain deploarization: | neuron is negatively charged at resting state. When it receives a signal, positive ions enter the neuron making it less negative. If the charge is strong enough an action potential occurs. |
| what does it mean to be hyperpolarized? | hyperpolarization makes a neuron less likely to fire a signal. Inhibitory. |
| The more positive the more... | chance of an action potential |
| how do EPSPs and IPSPs influence the spontaneous firing rate of a neuron? | EPSP’s can increase the neurons spontaneous rate of firing, while ISPS can decrease the neurons spontaneous rate of firing. |
| dorsal | top |
| anterior | front |
| medial | middle/medium |
| ventral | front or belly |
| sagittal | dividing the body into right and left halves |
| regions of the cerebral cortex: | four areas are the occipital, parietal, temporal and frontal lobe |
| which technique is used in research to stimulate neurons in the brain to study behavior? | transcranial magnetic stimulation |
| how do neuropsychological researchers use optogenetic stimulation? | by using genetic light to test neurons |
| microglia | act as part of the immune system, removing toxic materials and dead or damaged neurons |
| radial glia | guide the migration of neurons, axons, and dendrites during the development of an embryo |
| astrocytes | wrap around the dendrites that are connected to related axons |
| olidodendrocytes | respond to neural activity by altering myelin sheaths in the CNS |
| what are myelin sheaths | fatty covering that wrap around the axons (axons are long fibers that carry the signals) |
| schwann cells | produce myelin sheaths for insulating certain vertebrae axons in the PNS |
| Enteric nervous system | Apart of the autonomic nervous system. It controls the digestive system |
| hypothalamus | controls eating, drinking, and temperature regulation |
| hippocampus | -memory recognition -monitoring the "where" and "what" of sensory and memory |
| thalamus | transmits info from sensory system to an area of the cerebral cortex |
| cerebellum (little brain in at the back and bottom) | balance, coordination, motor learning and sequence of events |
| superior colliculus (swelling on side of the tectum) | plays important role in sensory processing related to vision |
| substantia nigra | gives rise to a dopamine-containing pathway for movement readiness |
| inferior colliculus (swelling on side of the tectum) | important for sensory processing related to hearing |
| MRI- Magnetic resonance imaging | maps brain areas in detail using magnetic fields |
| transcranial magnetic stimulation | examine the effects of brain damage by temporarily inactivating a target area of the brain |
| computerized axial tomography (CAT) | produces images of the brain to detect structural abnormalities. Uses injection of dye in the blood and xrays to make photographs |
| magnetoencephalograph (MEG) | measures the magnetic responses generated by brain activity. allows researchers to trace a wave of brain activity from its source to other areas. |
| Functional Magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) | records the energy released by hemoglobin, the blood protein that binds oxygen, after removal of magnetic field. Detects changes in % of hemoglobin bound to oxygen |
| what neural route do messages take within the retina? | they travel from the photoreceptors to bipolar cells and then to ganglion cells, whose axons make up the optic nerve and transmit messages to the brain |
| young helmholtz theory | we see color because our eyes have 3 cones (red, blue, green) these colors mix and create other colors |
| Opponent process theory | the brain uses color pairs, if one is active the others are turned off |
| retinex theory | your brain fixes the colors your eyes see so they stay normal in different lightings |
| ventral stream (interacts with temporal lobe) | responsible for determining "what" and object is |
| dorsal stream (associated with parietal lobe) | responsible for determining "where" an object is and navigating through environment |
| what is the pathway to the cortex for incoming visual information? | information travels from the optic nerve to the lateral geniculate nucleus and then to the primary visual cortex |
| damage to visions ventral pathway results in: | results in damage to the visual path in the temporal cortex and inability to recognize objects |
| what is the role of the medial temporal cortex (MT or V5) and the medial superior temporal cortex (MST) in vision? | the MT and MST areas of the brain receive information from the magnocellular path, which detects patterns of movement allowing people to perceive motion |
| damage to the fusiform gyrus results in | prosopagnosia aka face blindness |
| why cant frequency theory account for sounds over 1000 hertz? | because the refractory period of a neuron limits the number of times it can fire to about 1000 per sec |
| how do humans locate low frequency sounds? | use phase differences to locate a sound. When a sound reaches one eat earlier than the other, the two ears receive different phases of the wave |
| summarize the transmission of sound from the ear to the auditory cortex | sound transmitted from tympanic membrane to malleus, incus, & stapes which amplify vibrations to the oval window. This transmits to cochlea and stimulates auditory nerve |
| what is the structure that contains ribosomes, which link together amino acids? | soma |
| what is the structure that has interruptions known as nodes of ranvier that help propagate electrical signals? | myelin sheath |
| which part of a neuron represents the point at which the axon releases chemicals that cross to another cell? | presynaptic terminal |
| which cells of the nervous system produce myelin sheaths for insulating certain vertebrae axons in the PNS? | schwann cells |
| what is the system that conveys messages between the CNS and peripheral muscles or sense organs? | somantic nervous system |
| Sympathetic nervous system | nervous system that consists of chains of ganglia to the left and right of the spinal cords central regions as part of the autonomic nervous system |
| Parasympathetic nervous system | nervous system that facilitates vegetative, nonemergency responses as part of the autonomic nervous system |
| Alzheimer's | gradual progresses to depression, confusion, apathy, delusions, sleeplessness, and loss of apetite |
| what is associated with atrophy in the temporal cortex? | semantic dementia |
| what is the right hemisphere of the brain known to be dominant for when compared with the left hemisphere? | experiencing emotions |
| what is associated with dyslexia? | it occurs in all languages |
| what is one way in which tricyclics work? | blocking reuptake of dopamine |
| what is one of the ways in which agonist drugs act? | it mimics the effects of a neurotransmitter |
| what is the drug that prolongs the release of dopamine in the nucleus accumbens? | amphetamine |
| which effect on the brain is connected to schizophrenia? | less grey matter in the hippocampus |
| what characterisitic is associated with the striatum? | it is connected to behaviors relative to the body |
| Williams syndrome | characterized by surprisingly good language abilities in the presence of intellectual disability |
| what detects the stretch and tension of a muscle? | proprioceptor |
| what is the component of the nervous system that sends a message to a motor neuron in the spinal cord to cause a contraction | muscle spindle |
| what is the brain area that monitors body position relative to external objects? | posterior parietal cortex |
| which structure causes clumsiness, slurred speech, and inaccurate eye movements when damaged? | cerebellum |
| which condition results from the gradual loss of dopamine releasing axons? | parkinsons disease |
| Which condition is associated with gradual brain damage in the basal ganglia and cerebral cortex? | Huntingtons disease |
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