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BIO101
Chemistry of a Cell
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Cephalic | Head |
| Cervical | Neck |
| Thoracic | Chest |
| Abdominal | Abdomen |
| Pelvic | Pelvis |
| Lumbar | Lower Back |
| Gluteal | Buttocks |
| Pubic | Genital region |
| Crural | Leg (Shin) |
| Sural | Back of leg, Calf |
| Pedal | Foot |
| Plantar | Sole of the foot |
| Inguinal | Groin |
| Antebrachial | Forearm |
| Manual | Hand |
| Femoral | Thigh |
| Superior | Above or higher than another structure |
| Inferior | Below or lower than another structure |
| Anterior (Ventral) | Front or belly side of the body |
| Posterior (Dorsal) | Back or spine side of the body |
| Proximal | Closer to the point of attachment or trunk |
| Distal | Farther from the point of attachment or trunk |
| Medial | Toward the midline of the body |
| Lateral | Away from the midline of the body |
| Superficial | Near or close to the surface of the body |
| Deep | Farther away from the body surface (internal) |
| Sagittal Plane | Divides the body vertically into left and right portions |
| Frontal (Coronal) Plane | Divides the body into front (anterior) and back (posterior) portions |
| Transverse Plane | Divides the body horizontally into upper (superior) and lower (inferior) portions |
| Supine | Lying flat on the back facing upward |
| Prone | Lying face down |
| Diaphragm | Large skeletal muscle separating thoracic and abdominal cavities that drives breathing |
| Abdominal Cavity | Contains stomach, liver, gallbladder, spleen, pancreas, kidneys, and intestines |
| Pelvic Cavity | Contains urinary bladder, internal reproductive organs, and rectum |
| Proton | Positively charged subatomic particle that determines an element's identity |
| Neutron | Subatomic particle with no charge located in the atomic nucleus |
| Electron | Negatively charged subatomic particle orbiting the atomic nucleus |
| Cation | A positively charged ion formed when an atom loses electrons |
| Anion | A negatively charged ion formed when an atom gain electron |
| Ionic Bond | Chemical bond formed when electrons are transferred between atoms |
| Covalent Bond | Strong chemical bond formed when atoms share electron pairs |
| Hydrogen Bond | Weak attraction between a partially positive hydrogen atom and an electronegative atom |
| Symbol: Carbon | C |
| Symbol: Hydrogen | H |
| Symbol: Nitrogen | N |
| Symbol: Oxygen | O |
| Symbol: Phosphorus | P |
| Symbol: Sulfur | S |
| Symbol: Calcium | Ca |
| Symbol: Sodium | Na |
| Symbol: Potassium | K |
| Symbol: Chlorine | Cl |
| Symbol: Iron | Fe |
| Symbol: Iodine | I |
| Symbol: Magnesium | Mg |
| pH Scale | Measures the concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) to indicate acidity or alkalinity |
| Acidic Solution | pH less than 7; high concentration of H+ ions |
| Basic (Alkaline) Solution | pH greater than 7; low concentration of H+ ions |
| Organic Compounds | Molecules containing carbon bonded to hydrogen found in living organisms |
| Inorganic Compounds | Molecules lacking carbon-hydrogen bonds (e.g., water, salts, sodium chloride) |
| Anabolic Reaction | Synthesis reaction that builds larger molecules from smaller ones and consumes energy |
| Catabolic Reaction | Decomposition reaction that breaks down large molecules into smaller ones and releases energy |
| Carbohydrates | Sugars and starches easily broken down into glucose for cellular energy |
| Triglyceride | Lipid composed of one glycerol molecule and three fatty acid tails |
| Saturated Fatty Acid | Fatty acid with no double bonds; solid at room temperature |
| Unsaturated Fatty Acid | Fatty acid with one or more double bonds; liquid at room temperature |
| Proteins | Polymers constructed from amino acids linked by peptide bonds |
| DNA Bases | Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, Guanine |
| RNA Bases | Adenine, Uracil, Cytosine, Guanine |
| Phospholipid Bilayer, | The cell membrane; controls what enters and exits the cell |
| Passive Transport, | Movement of substances across the cell membrane without requiring ATP energy |
| Active Transport, | Movement of substances against a concentration gradient requiring ATP energy |
| Facilitated Diffusion, | Passive transport of molecules across a membrane via protein channels |
| Osmosis, | Passive diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane |
| Isotonic Solution, | Equal solute concentration inside and outside the cell; no net water movement |
| Hypotonic Solution, | Lower solute concentration outside the cell; water enters and cell swells |
| Hypertonic Solution, | Higher solute concentration outside the cell; water leaves and cell shrinks (crenates) |
| Endocytosis, | Cellular import process where the membrane engulfs external material |
| Exocytosis, | Cellular export process releasing substances outside the cell |
| Phagocytosis, | Type of endocytosis where the cell engulfs large solid particles ("cell eating") |
| Pinocytosis, | Type of endocytosis where the cell engulfs fluid droplets ("cell drinking") |
| Ribosome, | Cellular structure responsible for protein synthesis (translation) |
| Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum, | Membrane network studded with ribosomes; modifies and processes proteins |
| Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum | Membrane network without ribosomes; synthesizes lipids and detoxifies drugs |
| Golgi Apparatus, | Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins for secretion or cellular transport |
| Nucleus, | Membrane-bound organelle that stores DNA and directs cellular activity |
| Lysosome, | Organelle containing digestive enzymes to break down waste and cellular debris |
| Mitochondria, | Produces cellular energy (ATP) through cellular respiration Increase cellular area |
| Cilia, | Hair-like projections on the cell surface that move fluid and particles |
| Transcription, | Process in the nucleus where a DNA template is copied into mRNA |
| Translation, | Process at the ribosome where mRNA sequence is converted into a protein |
Created by:
TIAVAU5906