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BIO101EXAM1REVIEW
BIO101EXAMREVIEW
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Which organs are located in the abdominal cavity? | stomach, liver, and intestines |
| Which organs are located in the pelvic cavity? | urinary bladder, rectum, and reproductive organs. |
| What is the purpose of the diaphragm? | The purpose of a diaphragm is to drive respirations, separate the body cavities, and also aid core stability. |
| list each plane and describe how it divides the body. | • Sagittal Plane: Vertical plane; divides the body into left and right sides. • Transverse Plan: Horizontal plane parallel to the ground; divides the body into upper (superior) and lower (inferior) sections. |
| What is another term for head or skull? | cranium. |
| What are the differences between proximal and distal? | Proximal is closer to the point of attachment, while distal is farther away from the point of attachment. |
| list each plane and describe how it divides the body. | Coronal Plane: Vertical plane passing sideways at a right angle to the sagittal plane; divides the body into front (anterior) and back (posterior). |
| What are the differences between an anabolic reaction and catabolic reaction? | A catabolic reaction breaks down large molecules and release energy, while anabolic reactions use energy to build complex molecules. |
| What are the units of measurement used to weigh a human? | The units used to weigh a human are kilograms and pounds. |
| What are the cavities within the skull? | The cavities within the skull include the cranial cavity, orbital cavity, nasal cavity, and paranasal sinuses. |
| Levels of organization from smallest to largest. | Chemical Cells Tissues Organs Organ Systems Organism |
| In your own words, define homeostasis. | Homeostasis is the balance within a living thing even when inside and/or outside conditions change. |
| First, explain the negative feedback loop. Second, explain the positive feedback loop. | The negative feedback loop is a self-regulating system that maintains stability by counteracting changes. The positive feedback loop is a process where a change in a system causes an effect that amplifies or increases that original change. |
| Define the following two terms: supine and prone. | • Supine: Lying horizontally on the back with the face, chest, and palms facing up. • Prone: Lying flat on stomach with the chest and face pointing down. |
| Cephalic Cervical Thoracic Abdominal Pelvic Lumbar Gluteal Pubic | Head Neck Chest Belly (abdomen) Pelvis Lower back Buttock Genital Region |
| Crural Sural Pedal Plantar Inguinal Antebrachial Manual Femoral | Lower Leg Calf Foot Sole of foot Groin Foreman Hand Thigh |
| In reference to anatomy, what do the terms Superior, Inferior, Anterior, and Posterior mean? | • Superior: Located closer to the head • Inferior: Located below; directed downward towards the feet • Anterior: The front of the body • Posterior: The back side of the body |
| What do the terms Dorsal, Ventral, Superficial mean? | • Dorsal: Toward the back or upper surface of the body • Ventral: The front side of the body • Superficial: Located closer to the surface of the body |
| What do Proximal, Distal, Medial, and Lateral mean? | • Proximal: Closer to the center of the body • Distal: Farther away from the center of the body • Medial: Located toward the center of the middle, center, or midline • Lateral: Further away from the middle line of the body |
| What is the Sagittal Plane? | The sagittal plane divides the body into left and right sides. |
| What is the Transverse Plane? | The traverse plane divides the body into upper and lower parts. |
| First, list the three subatomic particles? Next, identify their charges. | The first three subatomic particles are electrons, protons, and neutrons. An electrons charge is negative, protons charge is positive, and neutrons have a charge of zero. |
| Explain which one determines what element an atom will be. | The number of protons determines what element an atom will be, the value is called the atomic number. |
| Carbon | C |
| Hydrogen | H |
| Nitrogen | N |
| Oxygen | O |
| Phosphorous | P |
| Sulfur | S |
| Calcium | Ca |
| Sodium | Na |
| Potassium | K |
| Chlorine | Cl |
| Iron | Fe |
| Iodine | I |
| Magnesium | Mg |
| If an atom has 4 protons, how many electrons should it have? | 4 electrons |
| If it has 97 protons, how many electrons should it have? | 97 electrons |
| If it has 15 protons, how many electrons? Why? | It should have 15 electrons because a neutral atom always has the same number of electrons and protons, giving it no overall electric charge. |
| First, define ions? Second, explain how ionic bonds form? Third, if an atom has an extra electron, identify if it is positively, negatively, or neutrally charged? | An ion is an atom or group of atoms that has an electric charge. Ionic bonds are formed when atoms transfer electrons, creating charged ions that pull towards each other. If an atom has an extra electron, it would be negatively charged. |
| What is a covalent bond? | A covalent bond is a chemical link where two atoms share pairs of electrons. |
| Bonds ranked from strongest to weakest. | Ionic Covalent Hydrogen |
| Contrast the differences between organic and inorganic compounds? | Organic compounds contain carbon-hydrogen bonds and are associated with living things, whereas inorganic compounds lack carbon and are associated with non-living things. |
| First, define pH. | The measure of how acidic or basic a liquid is. |
| Define carbohydrate and explain why they provide so much energy. | Carbohydrates are sugar molecules that act as one of the main nutrients in food and are the primary source of energy for the body. Carbohydrates provide so much energy because the body can easily break it down into glucose. |
| Explain what a lipid is. Next, what does hydrophobic and hydrophillic mean? | A lipid is a large group of natural organic compounds such as fats, oils, waxes. Hydrophobic is fear of water, while hydrophilic is a love for water. |
| Identify the components of a triglyceride? | Components of a triglyceride are one glycerol joined to three fatty acid molecules. |
| What does it mean when we say a fatty acid is saturated ? | When we say a fatty acid is saturated it means its carbon chain has only single bonds and saturated with hydrogen atoms. |
| What does it mean when we say a fatty acid is unsaturated? | When we say a fatty acid is unsaturated it means it is a type of fat molecule that contains one or more double bonds in its carbon chain and is liquid at room temperature. |
| Explain the basic building blocks of proteins. | The basic building blocks of proteins are amino acids. |
| Building blocks for DNA. | 1. Adenine 2. Thymine 3. Cytosine 4. Guanine |
| Building blocks for RNA. | 1. Adenine 2. Uracil 3. Cytosine 4. Guanine |
| What is the phospholipid bilayer also known as? What is its function? | A phospholipid bilayer is also known as a lipid bilayer or plasma membrane. Its function is to act as a selective permeable barrier that separates the internal contents of a cell or organelle from the external environment. |
| Explain the difference between active and passive membrane transport? | Active transport requires cell energy to move molecules against concentration, while passive transport moves substances naturally along the concentration without using energy. |
| Define facilitated diffusion. Is it Active or Passive? | Facilitated diffusion is movement of molecules across a cell membrane and it is passive. |
| Can fat soluble substances like steroids and cholesterol cross the cell membrane on their own? Why or why not? | Yes, substances like steroids and cholesterol can cross the cell membrane on their own because they are non-polar and the middle of the membrane is made of fat. |
| Explain the term isotonic: | Solution that has the same concentration of solutes as the cytoplasm of a cell. |
| Explain the term hypotonic: | Solution that has lower concentration of solutes than the cytoplasm of a cell. |
| Explain the term hypertonic: | Solution that has a greater concentration of solutes than the cytoplasm of a cell. |
| What is the difference between endocytosis and exocytosis? | Endocytosis is process by which a cell membrane envelops a substance and draws it into the cell in a vesicle, whereas exocytosis transports substances out of the cell membrane-bound vesicle. |
| Define phagocytosis. | Phagocytosis is the process by which a cell takes in solid particles. |
| What are cilia? | Cilia are microscopic, hair-like structures on the outside of cells that move in rhythmic waves to push fluids, trap dust, and/or help tiny organisms swim. |
| Identify the function of a ribosome. | Making proteins by reading genetic instructions is the function of a ribosome. |
| What is the difference between the smooth and rough endoplasmic reticulum? What are their functions? | The rough type has ribosomes on its surface, while smooth type does not. The function of a rough endoplasmic reticulum is it makes and folds proteins, while smooth endoplasmic reticulum makes fats, oils, and steroid hormones. |
| What is the function of the Golgi Apparatus? | The function of the Golgi Apparatus is to sort, modify, and package proteins and lipids that it receives from the endoplasmic reticulum. |
| Is the Nucleus a membrane-bound organelle? What does it do? | Yes, the nucleus is a membrane-bound organelle, it acts as the control center of the cell, stores DNA, and controls cell activities. |
| Describe the lysosome. | The lysosome is a small, membrane-bound organelle that acts as the cell’s garbage disposal and digestive system. |
| Explain the function of the mitochondria. | The mitochondria turn food and oxygen into a power molecule called ATP this controls cell death and manage calcium levels. |
| What is the difference between Transcription and Translation with reference to protein synthesis? | Transcriptions copies DNA into the RNA inside the nucleus, whereas translation converts mRNA code into a chain of amino acids. |
Created by:
Nisha97