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Ch 9-12
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Cranial Bones | Bones that form the protective frame around the brain (8 total). |
| Facial Bones | Bones that form the structure of the face (14 total). |
| TMJ | Temporomandibular Joint; allows movement of the mandible for chewing and speech. |
| Bruxism | Involuntary grinding or clenching of the teeth, especially during sleep. |
| Trismus | Spasm of the muscles of mastication causing limited opening of the mouth ("lockjaw"). |
| Crepitus | Cracking or popping sound heard or felt in the TMJ during movement. |
| Clenching | Holding the teeth tightly together without grinding. |
| Paranasal Sinuses | Air-filled spaces within the bones of the skull surrounding the nasal cavity. |
| Gingiva | Masticatory mucosa that covers the alveolar process and surrounds the necks of the teeth (gums). |
| Parotid Gland | Largest salivary gland; emptied by Stensen's duct. |
| Submandibular Gland | Salivary gland located beneath the mandible; emptied by Wharton's duct. |
| Sublingual Gland | Smallest salivary gland located under the tongue; emptied by the Ducts of Rivinus/Bartholin. |
| Sialolith | A salivary gland stone or calculus that blocks a salivary duct. |
| Trigeminal Nerve | Cranial Nerve V; main sensory nerve for the head, face, and teeth. |
| Anterior Superior Alveolar Nerve | Nerve supplying the maxillary central, lateral, and canine teeth along with their facial tissue. |
| Olfactory Nerve | Cranial Nerve I; responsible for the sense of smell. |
| Facial Artery | Artery supplying blood to the face, palate, lips, and nose. |
| Mandibular Artery | Branch supplying blood to the lower jaw, teeth, and muscles of mastication. |
| Inferior Alveolar Artery | Artery entering the mandibular foramen to supply blood to the lower teeth and bone. |
| Greater Palatine Artery | Artery supplying blood to the hard palate and posterior palatal mucosa. |
| Extraoral Landmarks | Visible structures on the outside of the face (e.g., vermilion border, philtrum, commissures). |
| Intraoral Landmarks | Structures located inside the oral cavity (e.g., frenums, uvula, soft palate, gingiva). |
| Mesial Surface (M) | Tooth surface closest to the midline of the dental arch. |
| Distal Surface (D) | Tooth surface farthest away from the midline of the dental arch. |
| Lingual Surface (L) | Tooth surface facing the tongue (or palate on maxillary teeth). |
| Buccal Surface (B) | Tooth surface facing the inner cheek on posterior teeth. |
| Occlusal Surface (O) | Chewing surface on posterior teeth (premolars and molars). |
| Incisal Surface (I) | Biting edge on anterior teeth (incisors and canines).Primary Dentition |
| Mixed Dentition | Transitional phase (ages 6–12) containing both primary and permanent teeth. |
| Permanent Dentition | The final set of 32 adult teeth. |
| Incisors | Single-rooted anterior teeth with sharp edges used for cutting food. |
| Canines | Pointed single-rooted teeth at the corners of the arch used for tearing food. |
| Premolars | Posterior teeth with 2 cusps used to hold and grind food (bicuspids). |
| Molars | Large posterior teeth with broad occlusal surfaces used for crushing and grinding food. |
| Anatomical Crown | Portion of the tooth covered with enamel (remains constant). |
| Clinical Crown | Portion of the tooth visible in the mouth (changes with tissue level). |
| Quadrant | One-fourth division of the dentition (8 permanent teeth per quad). |
| Sextant | One-sixth division of the dentition (posterior right, anterior, posterior left). |
| Universal Numbering System | Tooth numbering system using 1–32 for permanent teeth and A–T for primary teeth. |
| FDI System | Two-digit system where the first digit indicates quadrant and second digit indicates tooth. |
| Palmer Notation System | System using a quadrant bracket symbol and numbers 1–8 (or letters A–E). |
| Enamel | Hardest protective outer layer of the anatomical crown. |
| Dentin | Main inner body of the tooth underlying enamel and cementum. |
| Cementum | Bonelike tissue covering the root of the tooth. |
| Pulp | Innermost vascular and neural tissue residing in the pulp cavity. |
| Periodontium | Structures that support and anchor teeth (cementum, PDL, alveolar bone, gingiva). |
| Tooth Contours | Natural curvatures (bulges and convexities) that protect gingiva during chewing. |
| Contact Area | Area on the mesial or distal surface where adjacent teeth touch in the same arch. |
| Embrasures | V-shaped triangular spaces surrounding the contact point of adjacent teeth. |
| Angle's Class I | Normal occlusion; mesiobuccal cusp of max 1st molar rests in buccal groove of mand 1st molar. |
| Angle's Class II | Distoclusion; maxilla is protruded or mandible is retruded relative to upper arch. |
| Angle's Class III | Mesioclusion; mandible protrudes forward relative to the maxilla (underbite). |
| Centric Occlusion | Maximal, stable intercuspation contact between upper and lower teeth at rest. |
| Functional Occlusion | Contact of teeth during functional chewing or grinding movements. |
| Maxillary Arch | Upper dental arch fixed into the immovable maxilla bone. |
| Mandibular Arch | Lower dental arch supported by the movable mandible. |
| Morphology Difference | Maxillary molars usually have 3 roots; mandibular molars usually have 2 roots.Xerostomia |
| Artery | Blood vessel that carries oxygenated blood away from the heart to tissues. |
| Vein | Blood vessel that carries deoxygenated blood back to the heart. |
| Nerve | Bundle of fibers transmitting sensory or motor impulses throughout the body. |
| Alveolar Bone | Thickened ridge of bone containing the sockets for the teeth. |
| Edentulous | Without natural teeth; missing all teeth in one or both arches. |
| Foramen | An opening or hole in bone for the passage of nerves and blood vessels. |
| Fossa | A shallow depression or concavity on a bone or tooth surface. |
| Apex | The tip or terminal end of a tooth root. |
| Furcation | Area where a multi-rooted tooth divides into separate roots. |
| Attrition | Normal mechanical wear of tooth structure caused by tooth-to-tooth contact. |
| Mamelon | Rounded enamel prominence on the incisal edge of a newly erupted incisor. |
| Cingulum | Smooth, convex convexity on the lingual surface of anterior teeth near the gingival margin. |
| Diastema | A space or gap between two adjacent teeth in the same arch. |
| Curve of Spee | Anteroposterior curvature of the occlusal surfaces from canine to third molar. |
| Cusp | Major elevation or mound on the occlusal surface of posterior teeth and canines. |
| Pit | Small pinpoint depression located where developmental grooves meet on a tooth. |
| Central Groove | Linear depression running mesiodistally across the center of a posterior tooth. |
| Marginal Ridge | Rounded border of enamel forming mesial and distal margins of occlusal/lingual surfaces. |
| Succedaneous | Permanent teeth that replace shed primary teeth (incisors, canines, premolars). |
| Nonsuccedaneous | Permanent teeth that erupt posterior to primary teeth without replacing any (molars). |
| Mucogingival Junction (MGJ) | Distinct line of demarcation between attached gingiva and alveolar mucosa. |
| Periodontal Ligament (PDL) | Fibers that attach the tooth cementum to the surrounding alveolar bone. |
| Line Angle | Angle formed by the junction of TWO tooth surfaces (e.g., mesiobuccal). |
| Point Angle | Angle formed by the junction of THREE tooth surfaces (e.g., mesio-occluso-buccal). |
| Fordyce Granules | Small, yellowish ectopic sebaceous glands found on the oral mucosa (normal variant). |
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